钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2012年 19卷 12期
刊出日期：2012-12-15
材料
工艺
工艺
1
LI Jia-dong,LI Yong,ZHAO Da-dong,FU Tian-liang,WANG Zhao-dong,WANG Guo-dong
Optimal Heating in Heat-Treatment Process Based on Grey Asynchronous Particle Swarm Optimization
To ensure plate heating quality and reduce energy consumption in heat-treatment process, optimal heating for plates in a roller hearth furnace was investigated and a new strategy for heating procedure optimization was developed. During solving process, plate temperature forecast model based on heat transfer mechanics was established to calculate plate temperature with the assumed heating procedure. In addition, multi-objective feature of optimal heating was analyzed. And the method, which is composed of asynchronous particle swarm optimization and grey relational analysis, was adopted for solving the multi-objective problem. The developed strategy for optimizing heating has been applied to the mass production. The result indicates that the absolute plate discharging temperature deviation between measured value and target value does not exceed ± 8 ℃, and the relative deviation is less than ± 0. 77%.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 1-7 [
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ZHANG Yan,YANG Quan,HE An-rui,YAO Xi-jiang,GUO De-fu
Deviation Prevention Ability of Rollers in Continuous Annealing Furnace and Application
In order to reduce the strip deviation in the practical production procedure in the continuous annealing furnace, a dynamic simulation model was built through finite element method (FEM) to conduct the quantification calculation of the effect of regular roller contour types on strip deviation. The result reveals that comparing to the flat roller, forward roller contour can prevent the strip deviation to some degree. In terms of prevention ability, double-taper roller is the strongest, single-taper roller and crown roller are less stronger; and more roller contour values raise the prevention ability. Accordingly, optimization method was applied to continuous annealing furnace, and it largely reduced accidents such as strip break and limited speed that are caused by the deviation.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 8-13 [
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LI Lei,HU Jian-hang,WANG Hua
Smelting Oxidation Desulfurization of Copper Slags
According to the mechanism of sulfur removal easily through oxidation, the process of smelting oxidation desulfurization of copper slags is studied, which supplies a new thinking for obtaining the molten iron of lower sulfur content by smelting reduction of copper slags. Special attention is given to the effects of the holding temperature, the holding time and CaF2, CaO addition amounts on the desulfurization rate of copper slags. The results indicate that the rate of copper slags smelting oxidation desulfurization depends on the matte mass transfer rate through the slag phase. After the oxidation treatment, sulfur of copper slags can be removed as SO2 efficiently. Amount of Ca2+ of copper slags affects the desulfurization rate greatly, and the slag desulfurization rate is reduced by adding a certain amount of CaF2 and CaO. Compared with CaF2, CaO is negative to slags sulfur removal with equal Ca2+ addition. Under the air flow of 0. 3 L/min, the sulfur content of copper slags can be reduced to 0. 00467% in the condition of the holding time of 3 min and the holding temperature of 1500 ℃. The sulfur content of molten iron is reduced to 0. 0008% in the smelting reduction of treated slags, and the problem of high sulfur content of molten iron obtained by smelting reduction with copper slag has been successively solved.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 14-20 [
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LI Jian-li,ZHANG Hui-ning,XU An-jun,CUI Jian, HE Dong-feng,TIAN Nai-yuan
Theoretical and Experimental on Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Degree of Steel Slag
The limitation and experimental CO2 sequestration degree of steel slag is the focus. The theoretical and the practical CO2 sequestration degree was assessed under mild operating conditions. After calculation in theory, it can be found that the CO2 sequestration limitation degree for every kilogram steel slag is about 442 g when taking magnesium into consideration, and the experimental CO2 sequestration degree for every kilogram slag is about 77 g, under the conditions that the liquid to solid ratio is 50 L/kg, CO2 flow is 0. 5 L/min and the temperature of reaction is the ambient temperature. When solution NH4Cl and CH3COOH for experiments and other conditions keep the same, the actual potential CO2 sequestration for every kilogram slag is 69. 3 g and 31. 20 g respectively. Thus, optimization of process parameters like granularity of slag is necessary to enhance the carbon dioxide sequestration degree for steel slag.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 29-32 [
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YU Sheng-ping,PAN Quan-ke
A Rescheduling Method for Operation Time Delay Disturbance in Steelmaking and Continuous Casting Production Process
In the steelmaking and continuous casting (SMCC) production process, operation time delay may lead to casting break or processing conflict so that the initial scheduling plan becomes unrealizable. Existing research methods are difficult to guarantee the accuracy of the model and successful application to actual applications. The rescheduling problem in response to operation time delay is firstly analyzed. This is then followed by the establishment of a novel multi-objective nonlinear programming model (MONPM). In specifications, a three-stage rescheduling method is proposed including the batches splitting (BS), forward scheduling method (FSM) and backward scheduling method (BSM). As a result, the real-time application shows that the proposed rescheduling method efficiently ensures the continuous casting and dramatically shortens the redundant waiting time for molten steel in very short rescheduling time.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 33-41 [
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KANG Wen-yi,ZHANG Chi,FAN Nian-qing,XIA Zhi-xin,,WANG Ping-huai,CHEN Ji-ming
Improvement of Impact Toughness and Creep Properties in Reduced Activation Ferritic Steels by Consumable Electrode Remelting
The effect of smelting processes on mechanical properties and microstructure of reduced activation ferritic steels was studied. Creep properties and impact toughness of reduced activation ferritic steels were obviously improved by vacuum induction melting followed by consumable electrode remelting process in comparison with the conventional vacuum induction melting process. The difference of impact toughness and creep properties between both steels mainly depended on the aspect ratio and mean size of precipitates. Decreasing the aspect ratio of carbides makes development of a shear band more difficult, which could increase impact energy and creep resistance.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 45-51 [
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材料
42
ZHANG Ling-yun,WU Di,LI Zhuang
Influence of Alloying Elements on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Cold Rolled C-Mn-Si TRIP Steels
The rust layer plays an important role in the corrosion of steel in chlorinated environments. Salt spray, potentiodynamic polarization curve and tensile test were conducted in laboratory for the specimens after two-stage heat treatment. The influence of the alloying elements on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of three kinds of steels was investigated by observing the microstructure and the morphologies of rust layer. The results show that the highest value (29%) of total elongation for steel A is obtained. The mechanical property of the specimen for steel C exhibits best strength ductility balance (21384 MPa·%) because of the presence of the multiphase microstructures after a two-stage heat treatment and the addition of the alloying elements. The corrosion products are known to be a complex mixture of Fe3O4, Fe2O3 and α-FeOOH for steel C. The presence of the alloying elements results in the formation of compact and dense rust layers in steel B and C. Passive film protects the substrate of TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) steel containing a complex mix of multiphase. Superior corrosion performance is exhibited for steel C with low alloying contents due to the enrichment of alloying elements within the rust layers.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 42-47 [
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CHEN Ying,YANG Zhong-min,WANG Hui-min
Comprehensive Properties of 400 MPa Grade Corrosion-Resistant Rebar
The corrosion resistance of the developed 400 MPa grade rebar was evaluated by a series of experiments, including cycles of corrosion-accelerating tests in the simulated concrete pore solution and reinforced concrete cube corrosion-accelerating tests and in-situ exposure experiments in chloride ions condition. In addition, the tensile and bending properties and the connection adaptability of the developed rebar were investigated. The results verify that the comprehensive properties of the corrosion-resistant rebar are excellent. The tensile and bending properties of the rebar are up to the standard of GB1499-2007. The common welding method and the mechanical connection technology of knob-cut rolled parallel thread splicing are suitable for the rebar.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 48-52 [
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MIN Yong-an,ZHOU Quan,LUO Yi,LI Dan, WU Xiao-chun
Tempering Process to Improve Hardness Uniformity of Plastic Mould Steel
A new design of copper-bearing non-quenched plastic mold steel is presented and explained. Two kinds of microstructure can be obtained from this new type copper-bearing steel via cooling with different cooling rates, bainite and a mixed microstructure consisting of ferrite and bainite. It is found that, after proper tempering process, the hardness will be increased. Moreover, the hardness difference between different microstructures will be reduced. For further investigation, the samples tempered at different temperatures were examined by XRD and 3DAP (three dimensional atom probe) analysis. Results show that the improvement is contributed mainly by the precipitation of Cu phase and transformation of residual austenite.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 53-58 [
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59
LI Wen-fei,ZHOU Yan-jun,XUE Yan
Corrosion Behavior of 110S Tube Steel in Environments of High H2S and CO2 Content
The corrosion behavior of the 110S tube steel in the environments of high H2S and CO2 content was investigated by using a high-temperature and high-pressure autoclave, and the corrosion products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction technique. The results showed that all of the corrosion products under the test conditions mainly consisted of different types of iron sulfides such as pyrrhotite of Fe0. 95S, mackinawite of FeS0. 9, Fe0. 985S and FeS, and the absence of iron carbonate in the corrosion scales indicated that the corrosion process was controlled by H2S corrosion. The corrosion rate of the 110S steel decreased firstly and then increased with the rising of temperature. The minimum corrosion rate occurred at 110 ℃. When the H2S partial pressure PH2S below 9 MPa, the corrosion rate declined with the increase of PH2S. While over 9 MPa, a higher PH2S resulted in a faster corrosion process. With the increasing of the CO2 partial pressure, the corrosion rate had an increasing trend. The morphologies of the corrosion scales had a good accordance with the corrosion rates.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 59-65 [
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LI Qing-chun,,LI Ren-xing,LIN Da-shuai,CHANG Guo-wei,ZHAI Qi-jie
Influence of Electropulsing Pretreatment on Solid-State Graphitization of Spherical Graphite Iron
The solid-state graphitization process of spherical graphite iron after electropulsing pretreatment was observed in-situ by using a high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope (HTCSLM). The influence of electropulsing pretreatment on the decomposition of cementite and the formation of graphite during the solid-state graphitization was studied. The result indicates that the electropulsing pretreatment can accelerate the decomposition of cementite, and make more neonatal graphite in small size be formed near the cementite. The neonatal graphite nucleates and grows chiefly at the temperature range of 800 to 850 ℃，and the average growth rate of neonatal graphite is 0. 034 μm2/s during the heating process. For the spherical graphite iron after normal and electropulsing pretreatment, the decomposition rate of cementite during the heating process is 0. 16 and 0. 24 μm2/s, respectively. Analysis shows that the electropulsing pretreatment promotes the dislocation accumulation near the cementite, consequently, the decomposition of cementite and the formation of neonatal graphite is accelerated during the solid-state graphitization.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 66-72 [
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ZHANG Zhi-min,CAI Qing-wu,YU Wei,LI Xiao-lin,WANG Li-dong
Continuous Cooling Transformation Behavior and Kinetic Models of Transformations for an Ultra-Low Carbon Bainitic Steel
The aim was to investigate transformation behavior and transformation kinetics of an ultra-low carbon bainitic steel during continuous cooling. Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves of tested steel were measured by thermal dilatometer and metallographic structures at room temperature were observed by optical microscope. Then transformation kinetic equation of austenite to ferrite as well as austenite to bainite was established by analyzing the relationship of lnln［1/(1-f)］ and lnt in the kinetic equation on the basis of processed experimental data. Finally, the measured and calculated kinetic behaviors of the steel during continuous cooling were compared and growth patterns of transformed ferrite and bainite were analyzed. Results showed that calculated result was in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. It could be concluded that the growth modes of transformed ferrite and bainite were mainly one dimension as the Avrami exponents were between 1 and 2.
2012 Vol. 19 (12): 73-78 [
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