钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2013年 20卷 3期
刊出日期：2013-03-15
材料
工艺
工艺
1
ZHANG Jian-liang,WANG Guang-wei,SHAO Jiu-gang,CHEN Yong-xing,YANG Tian-jun
Pulverized Coal Combustion of Nitrogen Free Blast Furnace
The efficiency of coal combustion is an important factor for the blast furnace process. The influence of low xO/xC on coal combustion performance under nitrogen free blast furnace condition was researched through the self-developed pulverized coal burning device. The results show that the coal combustion rate reduces with xO/xC decreasing, and the combustion rate of bituminous coal is higher than that of anthracite. The coal combustion rate ascends with the rise of volatile matter, but when volatile matter of pulverized coal is more than 18%, the combustion rates will not increase correspondingly. Small amount of CaCO3 and CO2 additions can promote coal combustion, and the effect of CaCO3 is more apparent, which can increase the pulverized coal combustion rate by 15%-18% or so.
2013 Vol. 20 (3): 1-5 [
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ZHU Miao-yong,CAI Zhao-zhen,YU Hai-qi
Multiphase Flow and Thermo-Mechanical Behaviors of Solidifying Shell in Continuous Casting Mold
The metallurgical phenomena occurring in the continuous casting mold have a significant influence on the performance and the quality of steel product. The multiphase flow phenomena of molten steel, steel/slag interface and gas bubbles in the slab continuous casting mold were described by numerical simulation, and the effect of electromagnetic brake (EMBR) and argon gas blowing on the process were investigated. The relationship between wavy fluctuation height near meniscus and the level fluctuation index F, which reflects the situation of mold flux entrapment, was clarified. Moreover, based on a microsegregation model of solute elements in mushy zone with δ/γ transformation and a thermo-mechanical coupling finite element model of shell solidification, the thermal and mechanical behaviors of solidifying shell including the dynamic distribution laws of air gap and mold flux, temperature and stress of shell in slab continuous casting mold were described.
2013 Vol. 20 (3): 6-17 [
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18
LUO Guo-ping,,WU Sheng-li,ZHANG Guang-jie,WANG Yi-ci,
Effects of Compound Silicate Gangue on Formation of Complex Calcium Ferrite During Sintering Process
In order to improve the quality of sinter produced by Baiyunebo iron ore concentrate, the effects of compound silicate gangue containing kalium and natrium on formation of complex calcium ferrite were studied using mini-sintering test device, optical microscope (OM) analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The results show that with the increasing of K2O and Na2O content in sintering samples, K2O and Na2O highly enriched in the glassy phases, the contents of complex calcium ferrite and hematite in sinter decreased and the porosity increased; the mineral microstructure exhibited large cavities and thin framework and became inhomogeneous. The compound silicate gangue containing kalium and natrium significantly inhibited the generation of complex calcium ferrite (SFCA). When the content of K2O and Na2O was higher in samples, a part of K2O and Na2O entered into complex calcium ferrite, which caused the fine grains of SFCA with acicular and columnar to agglomerate into coarse grains, and its bonding effect to iron oxides reduced. The content of K2O and Na2O in sinter had effects on quantity, composition and morphology of complex calcium ferrite.
2013 Vol. 20 (3): 18-23 [
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CHENG Xiang-li,ZHAO Kai,QI Yuan-hong,SHI Xue-feng,ZHEN Chang-liang
Direct Reduction Experiment on Iron-Bearing Waste Slag
A lot of iron-bearing slags were produced, and whose grade is much more than that of industrial iron ore grade. Chemical analysis and phase identification shows that the iron-bearing slag is amorphous, has fayalite main phase, iron grade is 36. 10%, and is difficult to recover iron from the slag. Thermodynamic calculation indicates that CO cannot reduce fayalite at high temperature and carbon direct reduction can be effective. Moreover, the reaction begins at 770 ℃ and the temperature can be reduced down to 500℃ when CaO is added. On this basis, a method is put forward to making direct enrichment of iron by taking carbon contained pellets to realize the rapid reduction of fayalite, and the direct reduction process were studied in this paper. Experiments show that xC/xO should be less than 1. 5 for the need of reduction and carburization, and CaO and Al2O3 can spur the reduction of fayalite. On conditions that xC/xO is 1. 2, metallization rate can be 77% when temperature is 1250 ℃ and only carbon is added, and metallization rate can be 74% when temperature is 1200 ℃ and only CaO is added. Moreover the addition of Al2O3 can get a higher metallization rate (10% or so) than usual as R is between 0. 4 and 1. 0. Under the optimized condition of R equals to 0. 6, temperature of 1250 ℃, slag melting point of 1320 ℃, and time of 30 min, the metallization rate can reach 88. 43%.
2013 Vol. 20 (3): 24-29 [
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30
HAN Li-hao,LUO Zhi-guo,ZHOU Xiao-lei,ZHOU Heng,ZOU Zong-shu,ZHANG Yu-zhu
Influence of Burden Distribution on Temperature Distribution in COREX Melter Gasifier
The temperature distribution of COREX melter gasifier was studied by using a two-dimensional 1/30 scale thermal dynamic model. A set of operating conditions, such as radial distribution of direct reduction iron (DRI) to lump coal and coke volume ratio, coke charging location, coke charging amount and coke size, were taken into account. The results show that the temperature near the wall region decreases with the decrease of the radial distribution of DRI to lump coal and coke volume ratio. The temperature with central coke charging is higher than that without central coke column. Furthermore, the temperature significantly increases with the increase of central coke charging amount. With the increase of intermediate coke charging amount, the temperature near the wall region decreases while the temperature in the intermediate region increases. The temperature increases with the increase of coke size whether charging central coke or intermediate coke.
2013 Vol. 20 (3): 30-35 [
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YANG Da-zheng,QI Dian-wei,XU Peng-fei,ZHANG Da-kui,MA Guang-yu,LI Jing
Sintered Ore Sprayed by Acid and Alkaline Waste Water Resulted From Cold Rolling
In order to prevent the powdering of a sintered ore from influencing the smooth operation of a blast furnace, the conventional way to deal with it is that the CaCl2 solution is prepared by tap water, and then the solution is sprayed onto the sintered ore for improving its RDI (low temperature reduction degradation index). The CaCl2 solution prepared by adding acid and alkaline waste water resulted from cold rolling is sprayed onto the sintered ore to improve its RDI. The values of RDI+6. 3 and RDI+3. 15 of the sintered ore which is sprayed by the CaCl2 solution with the CaCl2 concentration of 3. 5% (mass percent) are increased by 17. 5% and 11. 63%, but the index of RDI-0. 5 is decreased by 3. 1% when the spraying amount of the solution is making up 0. 5% of the total sintered ore sprayed in comparison with those of the sintered ore which is not sprayed by using the CaCl2 solution. Experimental results show that after the CaCl2 solutions prepared by adding the acid and alkaline waste water are sprayed on the sintered ore, RDI of the ore can be remarkably improved and therefore another way for recycling acid and alkaline waste water can be available, by which both cost for treating waste water and cost for producing a sintered ore can be decreased and environment is free of pollution by harmful substances in the waste water.
2013 Vol. 20 (3): 36-38 [
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材料
39
ZHANG Ya-long,ZHANG Ying-yi,YANG Fei-hua,ZHANG Zuo-tai
Effect of Alloying Elements (Sb, B) on Recrystallization and Oxidation of Mn-Containing IF Steel
The effects of minor alloying elements (antimony, boron) on the recrystallization and oxidation of Mn-containing interstitial free (IF) steels were investigated using confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) under controlled atmosphere of 95% Ar and 5% H2 (volume percent) at different temperatures. The results indicated that oxidation and recrystallization were primarily controlled by the grain boundaries, which moved due to release of the stored energy or acted as the fast path diffusion of alloying elements. It was found that the addition of antimony suppressed both surface oxidation and internal oxidation, whereas boron addition accelerated surface oxidation but decreased internal oxidation. The reasons caused were that the alloying elements of antimony or boron were known to segregate on the surfaces or grain boundaries to occupy the surface adsorption sites, which were expected to be less catalytic than bare iron on the transportation of alloying elements. The recrystallization was also retarded through adding minor antimony and boron elements. The oxidation kinetics of formation of grain boundary oxides were studied through calculating the areas along grain boundaries, and it was found that the areas parabolically increased with increasing time.
2013 Vol. 20 (3): 39-44 [
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KONG De-qun,LIU Qing-suo,DONG Zhan-ji
Bainite Growth Behavior at Early Stage of Transformation in a High Carbon Silicon-Containing Steel
The growth behavior at the early stage of bainitic transformation was investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electronic microscopy. The bainite was obtained by isothermal transformation at 200 ℃ only for a short time in a high carbon silicon-containing steel after austenitization at 200 ℃ only for 20 min. Transmission electronic microscopy shows that the bainite appears in the form of plates with a width of about 30 nm, and that the interface of the bainite leading tip is wedge shaped. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the bainite plates consist of single ferrite phase, with absence of carbides. The results confirm the occurrence of the moiré which suggests the existence of austenite grain boundaries at the bainite leading tip. Both the lateral growth and longitudinal growth of bainite have weak ability to traverse the lattice-distortion strain fields and austenite grain boundary. The austenite grain boundary impedes the longitudinal growth of the bainite plate, i. e. , the growth of bainite plate stops at the austenite grain boundary. The longitudinal growth of bainite associated with the features of shear mechanism can not completely be in accordance with that of martensitic transformation.
2013 Vol. 20 (3): 45-49 [
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50
PENG Ning-qi,TANG Guang-bo,YAO Jun,LIU Zheng-dong
Hot Deformation Behavior of GCr15 Steel
Hot deformation behavior of GCr15 (ASTM 52100) steel was investigated using single-hit compression tests on Gleeble-1500 simulator at the temperature range of 850-1100 ℃ and strain rate range of 0. 1-10 s-1. The flow stress constitutive equation of GCr15 steel during hot deformation was determined by stress-strain curves analysis on the basis of the hyperbolic sine equation. And the models of dynamic recrystallization fraction and dynamic recrystallization grain size of GCr15 steel were established by the measured curves and microstructure observation in different experimental conditions. The mean activation energy and the time exponent of dynamic recrystallization kinetics equation in the range of experimental conditions were determined to be 356. 2 kJ/mol and 2. 12, respectively. Meanwhile, the flow stress model was also established by the method of allocating flow stress curve with three main stress values, the saturation stress, the steady state stress and the stress when strain is 0. 1. The flow stress curves predicted by the developed models under different deformation conditions are in good agreements with the measured ones.
2013 Vol. 20 (3): 50-56 [
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SHEN Xiao-hui,,YAN Jun,ZHANG Lei,GAO Lin,ZHANG Jing
Austenite Grain Size Evolution in Railway Wheel During Multi-Stage Forging Processes
The knowledge of microstructure evolution of railway wheel during hot forming process is the prerequisite of improving mechanical properties of the final product. In order to investigate the austenite grain size evolution of railway wheel during multi-stage forging process, mathematical models of recrystallization and austenite grain growth were derived firstly by hot compression tests for railway wheel steel CL50D, which then were integrated with a thermal-mechanical finite element model by the developed subroutines. The information about kinetics of recrystallization and grain size distribution during the forging process was obtained by simulation. The predicted results were validated by experiments in an industrial scale, and the average error between the predicted grain sizes and the measured ones is about 5%. The result shows that, under the current railway wheel forging process, the grain size distribution after final forging is inhomogeneous extremely. There is a narrow coarse grain zone between the external part and center of the hub caused by static recrystallization after final forging. With cooling of 60 s after final forging, the grain size is about 85 μm for the areas near the web surface and 175 μm for center areas of the hub and rim.
2013 Vol. 20 (3): 57-65 [
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ZHOU Yan-lei,CHEN Jun,LIU Zhen-yu
Corrosion Behavior of Rusted 550 MPa Grade Offshore Platform Steel
The corrosion behavior of a rusted 550 MPa grade offshore platform steel in Cl- containing environment was investigated. The results revealed that the corrosion process can be divided into initial stage in which corrosion rate increased with accumulation of corrosion products and later stage in which homogeneous and compact rust layer started to protect steel substrate out of corrosion mediums. On the contrary, structural analysis of rust layers by X-ray diffraction showed that α-FeOOH increased from 1. 3% to 3. 6% and the Fe3O4 increased from 1. 0% to 1. 5% while γ-FeOOH reduced slightly according to corrosion time increased from 30 cycles to 73 cycles. The results of electron probe microanalysis indicated that Cr concentrated mainly in the inner region of the rust, inner/outer interface especially, whereas Ni and Cu were uniformly distributed all over the rust after 73 corrosion cycles. According to electrochemical measurements, it was found that the corrosion rate of rusted steel reduced from 0. 61 mm/a after 45 cycles to 0. 34 mm/a after 85 cycles, 44. 3% reduction approximately, and Rrust values increased with increment of corrosion time. Therefore, formation of compact inner rust layer and enrichment of Cr are important to improve corrosion resistance of offshore platform steel.
2013 Vol. 20 (3): 66-73 [
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SHI Zhen-xue,LI Jia-rong,LIU Shi-zhong,WANG Xiao-guang,YUE Xiao-dai
Effects of Ru on Solidification Characteristic and Microstructures of Ni-Based Single Crystal Superalloy
The Ru-free and Ru-containing single crystal superalloys were cast in the directionally solidified furnace, while other alloying element contents were basically kept unchanged. The effects of Ru on the solidification characteristic and microstructures of single crystal superalloy were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, electron probe micro analyzer, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results show that the liquidus temperature of the single crystal superalloy decreases with Ru addition. The primary dendrite arm spacing and volume fraction of γ/γ′ eutectic both decrease with Ru addition. The sizes of γ′ phase of dendritic core and interdendritic region have no obvious change with Ru addition. Ru tends to segregate slightly in the dendritic core. The extent of elements segregation decreases with the Ru addition. Ru tends to partition preferentially into the γ matrix. The addition of Ru decreases the partition ratio (the ratio of the γ phases composition over the γ′ phases composition) of elements Re, W and Mo.
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