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2013年 20卷 5期
刊出日期：2013-05-15
材料
工艺
工艺
1
WANG Chao,WANG Zhao-dong,YUAN Guo,WANG Dao-yuan,WU Jun-ping,WANG Guo-dong
Heat Transfer During Quenching by Plate Roller Quenching Machine
Hot!
For plate quenching on a roller quenching machine, heat transfer process is investigated. According to the practical online experiment of plate center temperature, average heat transfer coefficient under different conditions and temperature fields are analyzed by numerical simulation. The results show that, at the water temperature of 15 ℃, the instantaneous maximum quenching cooling rate is 17. 6 ℃/s for the plate of 50 mm in thickness in roller quenching process. In the temperature range of 400-850 ℃, the maximum is 12. 1 ℃/s. With the plate surface temperature decreasing, surface heat transfer coefficient increases at first, and reaches the maximum value of about 15000 W/(m2·K), and then decreases. The calculated heat transfer coefficients are applied to analyze plate temperature field of different thicknesses, and the difference between the calculated and measured temperature is less than 5%.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 1-05 [
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6
JIANG Zhou-hua,ZHUANG Ying,LI Yang,LI Shuang-jiang
Effect of Modification Treatment on Inclusions in 430 Stainless Steel by Mg-Al Alloys
Refining process of 430 stainless steel in AOD (argon oxygen decarburization) was simulated under the experimental condition. Al was chosen as deoxidizer, Mg-Al alloy was added in process of refining, and slag used in oxidation period of AOD was chosen in the experiments. The variation of total oxygen content, the size, morphology and composition of inclusions in refining process and the mechanical properties, pitting corrosion resistance of final samples were studied. The results show that no obvious differences in total oxygen content were observed among all the experiments. Neither chain nor cluster Al2O3 inclusions were found in refining process of experiments treated by Mg-Al alloys, the average size of inclusions in the steel treated by Mg-Al alloys was less than that of inclusions in steel not treated by Mg-Al alloy. 430 stainless steel treated by Mg-Al alloy shows better tensile strength, yield strength, and pitting resistance than that in the contrast experiment.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 6-10 [
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11
AN Xiu-wei,WANG Jing-song,LAN Rong-zong,HAN Yi-hua,XUE Qing-guo
Softening and Melting Behavior of Mixed Burden for Oxygen Blast Furnace
The behaviors of mixed burden in the cohesive zone of oxygen blast furnace were studied by softening and melting tests, and the influence of reducing gas and burden basicity on the softening and melting behaviors of mixed burden was also investigated. The results indicated that the softening range became wide, however, the melting range narrowed sharply in the atmosphere of oxygen blast furnace. The permeability of burden in the oxygen blast furnace was obviously improved comparing with the conventional blast furnace. In addition, the content of sulphur in the dripping iron of oxygen blast furnace was much lower than that of conventional blast furnace, however, the content of carbon increased. An optimum basicity of burden, which could lead to the appearance of the narrower melting range and better permeability of burden, was obtained in the atmosphere of oxygen blast furnace.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 11-16 [
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17
TANG Hui-qing,WANG Jun-wei,GUO Zhan-cheng,OU Tie
Intensifying Gaseous Reduction of High Phosphorus Iron Ore Fines by Microwave Pretreatment
Gaseous reduction kinetics of the high phosphorus iron ore fines from Hubei in China and effect of microwave pretreatment on the gaseous reduction behavior were studied. Gaseous reduction kinetics were investigated by TG (Thermogravimetric) methods using LINSEIS STA PT 1600 thermal analysis equipment. Microwave pretreatments to the ore fines with four power levels were performed using a high temperature microwave reactor. Its effect was examined by TG methods and its mechanism was analyzed by SEM (scanning electron microscope) and EDS (energy dispersive spectrometer). Gaseous reduction tests were carried out using a tubular furnace. Results of kinetic study indicate that controlling step of the gaseous reduction of the ore fines is a mixing control of gas internal diffusion and interface chemical reaction when reduction fraction is less than 0. 8 and is solid state diffusion when reduction fraction is more than 0. 8. Microwave pretreatment of the ore fines could change the pore structure of the oolitic unit to generate cracks, fissures and loose zones, which promotes reduction in the early stage and delays the occurrence of sintering. Gaseous reduction tests show in the condition that the ore fines are pretreated with a microwave power of 450 W for 4 min and reduced under temperature of 1273 K, the gaseous reduction of the ore fines could be apparently intensified. Using CO or H2 as a reductant and ore fines being reduced for 1. 5 to 2 h , increase of metallization rate of the ore fines is 10% to 13%.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 17-23 [
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24
GUO Yu-hua,GAO Jian-jun,XU Hong-jun,ZHAO Kai,SHI Xue-feng
Nuggets Production by Direct Reduction of High Iron Red Mud
In order to utilize the iron resource effectively in red mud, a laboratory experiment based on the orthogonal method was carried out. Nuggets were gotten by directly reducing the carbon-bearing pellets of red mud and coal. The results showed that the strongest influencing factor is temperature, and the separation between liquid iron and slag is thoroughly. The nuggets can be gotten when the pellets, in which xC/xO is 1. 6 and the basicity is 1. 0, were maintained in 30 min at 1400 ℃. The nuggets have a high TFe content which is higher than that in the hot metal produced in BF. It also has a low content of Si and Mn, but a high content of S and P. The main compositions of the slag are amorphous phase mainly containing SiO2 and unreduced Fe2SiO4. Of course, a little reduced iron retains in it.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 24-27 [
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28
DING Yin-gui,WANG Jing-song,SHE Xue-feng,WANG Guang,XUE Qing-guo
Reduction Characteristics and Kinetics of Bayanobo Complex Iron Ore Carbon Bearing Pellets
The kinetics of isothermal reduction of the carbon bearing pellets, which were mainly composed of Bayanobo complex iron ore and pulverized coal, was investigated by thermogravimetry at the temperature of 1273-1673 K. The effects of xC/xO and the atmospheres on the extent of reduction also were investigated. The results indicate that the fractional reaction increased proportionally with temperature increasing and heating temperature is the significant influence factor to the reaction of carbon bearing pellets. The optimum xC/xO is 1. 2 and the effect of atmosphere on the reduction of iron oxides is almost negligible. The results can be interpreted that the reaction was initially controlled by a mixed controlled mechanism of carbon gasification and interface chemical reaction, and in the later stage, interface chemical reaction became the rate-controlling step. Apparent activation energy values of reduction at different levels of fractional reaction were calculated. Before F (fraction of reaction)=0. 5, the apparent activation energy ranges from 66. 39 to 75. 64 kJ/mol, while after F=0. 5, the apparent activation energy is 80. 98 to 85. 37 kJ/mol.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 28-33 [
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34
HAO Liang,DI Hong-shuang,GONG Dian-yao
Analysis of Sheet Curvature in Asymmetrical Cold Rolling
In asymmetric cold rolling, the workpiece is often bent downwards or upwards. A two-dimensional explicit dynamic finite element model with Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) adaptive meshing technique has been employed to simulate asymmetrical sheet rolling, in which asymmetrical conditions are here due to different roll radii. To validate the simulation, the results of simulation and experiment are compared. Effects of asymmetry due to roll radii mismatch on the normal and shear distributions and on sheet curvature variations are discussed. An optimum roll radii ratio could be found to produce flat sheet. Trials were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of roll radii mismatch as an approach of sheet curvature control.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 34-37 [
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材料
38
LIU Yan-dong,ZHANG Yu-dong,REN Yang,Albert Tidu,ZUO Liang
In-Situ Annealing Study of Transformation of α and γ Texture of Interstitial-Free Steel Sheet by High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction
Hot!
High-energy synchrotron diffraction offers great potential for experimental study of recrystallization kinetics. An experimental design to study the recrystallization mechanism of interstitial-free (IF) steel was implemented. The whole annealing process of cold-rolled IF steel with 80% reduction was observed in situ using high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD). The results show how the main texture component of IF steel change, i. e. the α ［<110>∥rolling direction (RD)］ fiber texture decreases and the γ ［<111>∥normal direction (ND)］ fiber texture increases. The important part of the α fiber texture is that both the {100}<011> and {112}<011> texture decrease at the beginning of recrystallization. The γ fiber texture increases at the early stage of recrystallization which stems from the increase of {111}<112>. Nevertheless, the {111}<110> does not change after recrystallization. The dynamic evolution of the main texture components {100}<011>, {112}<011>, {111}<112> and {111}<110> is given by in-situ HEXRD.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 38-41 [
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42
FENG Yan-qing,,WANG Fu-ming,,TAO Su-fen,,ZHAO Dian-qing,ZHANG Xiao-yan
Structure and Texture Formation During Single and Double Cold Rolling and Annealing Processes for Nb+Ti Added Interstitial-Free Steels
The structure and texture formation for single cold rolling (SCR) with annealing and double cold rolling (DCR) with annealing were investigated based on optical microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a Nb+Ti bearing interstitial free (IF) steel. The results indicated that DCR recrystallization grain was smaller than that of SCR sample and double cold rolling process resulted in better mechanical properties than those resulted from single cold rolling process with the same total reduction conducted. The plastic strain ratio increases from 2. 23 for single cold rolling process to 3. 2 for double rolling process. The fish-bone structure was observed in all SCR and DCR samples. DCR annealed sample is made up of equiaxed grains of almost uniform size, whereas SCR annealed sample shows a duplex grain structure, consisting of both large and small-sized grains. (Ti+Nb)C and Fe(Ti+Nb)P type precipitates were very rarely observed in SCR annealed and DCR annealed steels. The intensity of {111}∥ND for the DCR annealing was higher than that for SCR annealing.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 42-49 [
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FU Yong-tao,,LIU Jing,SHI Jie,CAO Wen-quan,DONG Han
Effects of Cold Rolling Reduction on Retained Austenite Fraction and Mechanical Properties of High-Si TRIP Steel
Transformation-induced plasticity-aided steel ［TRIP steel (0. 4C-1. 5Si-1. 5Mn)］ was rolled at room temperature to different thickness reductions (0, 4%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60%). The mechanical properties, microstructure and austenite fractions of the rolled samples were measured by tensile test, electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for each rolling. The deformation behavior was studied based on the analysis of the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel after tensile deformation, aiming at understanding the effects of cold rolling reduction on the decay behavior of the austenite and the change of mechanical properties of the TRIP steels. It was found that increasing rolling reduction increases the yield stress gradually but decreases the total elongation significantly. It is very interesting that after 10% rolling reduction the yield stress is about 1000 MPa but still with 20% total elongation, which gives an excellent combination of yield strength and ductility. Based on the XRD results, it was revealed that in both rolling and tension the austenite volume fraction monotonically decayed with the increase of rolling strain, but the decaying rate is faster in tension than in rolling, which may be ascribed to the higher temperature in rolled specimens than in the tensioned ones during deformation. Experimental results and theoretical reasoning indicate that the decreasing trend of austenite volume fraction with strain can be formulated by a unique equation.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 50-56 [
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57
ZHANG Tong-bo,SHEN Yong,LIU Pan,,YONG Qi-long,BAO Yao-zong
New Type Austenite Dynamic Recrystallization of Microalloyed Forging Steels 38MnVS During Forging Process
Hot compression tests of microalloyed forging steels 38MnVS were carried out on the Gleeble-3800 thermo-mechanical simulator at the deformation temperatures from 950 to 1150 ℃ with the strain rates ranging from 0. 1 to 10 s-1. The effects of the deformation temperature and strain rate on the austenite dynamic recrystallization and microstructural changes were researched. The experimental results show that the dynamic recrystallization accelerated with the increase of the deformation temperatures and the decrease of the strain rate. The activation energy of dynamic recrystallization was calculated, which was about 275. 453 kJ/mol. The relation between the dynamic recrystallization and the Z-parameter was investigated, and the state chart of the dynamic recrystallization of the microalloyed forging steel 38MnVS was made according to the experimental data and the deformation parameters.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 57-60 [
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61
JIANG Wen,ZHAO Kun-yu,YE Dong,LI Jun,LI Zhi-dong,SU Jie
Effect of Heat Treatment on Reversed Austenite in Cr15 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel
The effect of different heat treatments on the reversed austenite in Cr15 super martensitic stainless steel was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the microstructure of the steel is composed of tempered martensite and diffused reversed austenite after quenching at 1050 ℃ and tempering from 550 to 750 ℃. The volume fraction and size of reversed austenite increase with increasing tempering temperature and both of them reach the maximum value at 700 ℃. The volume fraction and size of reversed austenite decrease when the temperature is above 700 ℃. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) results indicate that the orientation relationship between tempered martensite and reversed austenite belongs to Kurdjmov-Sach (K-S) relationship.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 61-65 [
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66
M Hajisafari,S Nategh,H Yoozbashizadeh,A Ekrami
Improvement in Mechanical Properties of Microalloyed Steel 30MSV6 by a Precipitation Hardening Process
The microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of vanadium microalloyed steel (30MSV6) during precipitation hardening were studied. The effects of aging temperature and cooling rate on mechanical strength (yield strength and ultimate tensile strength) were similar. Increasing aging temperature or cooling rate firstly increased the mechanical strength of specimens up to their maximum values, which then decreased with further increase in aging temperature or cooling rate. Microstructural evolutions revealed that cooling rate had significant effects on the pearlite interlamellar spacing and size of pre-eutectoid ferrite. Unlike the effect of austenitizing temperature, the pearlite interlamellar spacing and pre-eutectoid ferrite size were decreased by increasing the cooling rate from austenitizing temperature. According to the microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties, the optimal heat treatment process of microalloyed steel 30MSV6 was austenitizing at 950 ℃ for 1 h, air cooling (3. 8 ℃/s) and aging at 600 ℃ for 1. 5 h. This optimal heat treatment process resulted in a good combination of elongation and yield strength.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 66-73 [
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HAN Xiao-chen,LI Jun,ZHAO Kun-yu,ZHANG Wei,SU Jie
Effect of Chloride on Semiconducting Properties of Passive Films Formed on Supermartensitic Stainless Steel in NaHCO3 Solution
The effects of chloride ion on the electrochemical behavior and the semiconducting properties of the passive film on supermartensitic stainless steel in 0. 5 mol/L NaHCO3 solution were investigated using potentiodynamic polarization, the potentiostatic current transients and Mott-Schottky analysis. The results indicated that chloride ion narrowed passivation region and improved pitting susceptibility. The steady state current densities were independent of film-formed potentials, which was in good agreement with the assumption of the point defect model (PDM). The capacitance results showed the fact that the passive films had a multilayer character. The defect density decreased with increasing passive film formation potential. The chloride ion induced changes of the acceptor densities and donor densities of the passive films.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 74-79 [
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测试
80
AI Yong-hao,XU Ke
Surface Detection of Continuous Casting Slabs Based on Curvelet Transform and Kernel Locality Preserving Projections
Longitudinal cracks are common defects of continuous casting slabs and may lead to serious quality accidents. Image capturing and recognition of hot slabs is an effective way for on-line detection of cracks, and recognition of cracks is essential because the surface of hot slabs is very complicated. In order to detect the surface longitudinal cracks of the slabs, a new feature extraction method based on Curvelet transform and kernel locality preserving projections (KLPP) is proposed. First, sample images are decomposed into three levels by Curvelet transform. Second, Fourier transform is applied to all sub-band images and the Fourier amplitude spectrum of each sub-band is computed to get features with translational invariance. Third, five kinds of statistical features of the Fourier amplitude spectrum are computed and combined in different forms. Then, KLPP is employed for dimensionality reduction of the obtained 62 types of high-dimensional combined features. Finally, a support vector machine (SVM) is used for sample set classification. Experiments with samples from a real production line of continuous casting slabs show that the algorithm is effective to detect longitudinal cracks, and the classification rate is 91. 89%.
2013 Vol. 20 (5): 80-86 [
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