钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2013年 20卷 12期
刊出日期：2013-12-15
材料
工艺
工艺
1
LIU Yan,ZHANG Zi-mu,LIU Jian-nan,ZHANG Jun-hua,Masamichi Sano,ZHANG Jun
Cold Model Study on Mg Desulfurization of Hot Metal Under Mechanical Stirring
The new method of in-situ desulfurization with mechanical stirring of new type impellers was introduced, in which the bubble′s dispersion and disintegration of magnesium vapor were the key to boosting the desulfurization efficiency and increasing the utilization rate of magnesium. Effects of different new type of impellers on bubble dispersion and disintegration were studied through bubble image analysis, gas-liquid mass transfer, and power consumption levels of different impeller structures. The results showed that the sloped swept-back blade impeller-2 produces optimal bubble′s dispersion and disintegration, as well as higher volumetric mass transfer coefficient and CO2 gas utilization while consuming the least power. Numerical simulation result with Fluent software also showed that the sloped swept-back blade impeller-2 has higher turbulent kinetic energy and better velocity distribution than the other two impellers.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 1-6 [
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YAN Chen,LI Ying,MA Bei-yue
Control of Hydrogen During ESR Process
Experimental and numerical studies were carried out for the behavior of hydrogen in a three-phase electroslag furnace using double electrode series technique during electroslag remelting (ESR) process. The effect of water vapor content of furnace gas on the hydrogen content of ingots was studied through the “gas-slag-metal” osmosis experiment. Based on the experimental results, a mathematical model was set up for the behavior of hydrogen pick-up during ESR process. Then the flow of furnace gas during ESR process was studied through a commercial code FLUENT, and the relationship between the water vapor content of furnace gas and argon gas flux in practical production was derived. Finally, the desired reasonable argon gas flow for controlling the hydrogen content of ingots below 2×10-6 in practice was obtained.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 7-11 [
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12
ZUO Xiao-jian,WANG Jing-song,AN Xiu-wei,SHE Xue-feng,XUE Qing-guo
Reduction Behaviors of Pellets Under Different Reducing Potentials
Owing to the change of gas composition in top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnaces compared with traditional blast furnace, many attentions are attracted to the research on iron oxide reduction again. In order to study the influence of H2 and CO on the reduction behavior of pellets, experiments were conducted with H2-N2, CO-N2 or H2-CO gas mixtures at 1173 K by measuring the mass loss, respectively. It was found that the reduction degree increased with increasing the ratio of H2 or CO in the gas mixture, but the reduction with hydrogen was faster than that with carbon monoxide. The reduction degree could reach 9672% after 65 min for the reduction with 50% H2+50% N2, while it is only 5337% for the reduction with 50% CO+50% N2. The addition of hydrogen to carbon monoxide will accelerate the reduction because the hydrogen molecules are more easily chemisorbed and reacted with iron oxide than carbon monoxide. A scanning electron microscope was used to characterize the structures of reduced samples. Dense structure of iron was obtained in the reduction with hydrogen while the structure of iron showed many small fragments for the reduction with carbon monoxide. At the later stage of reduction with the gas mixtures containing carbon monoxide, the reduction curves showed a descending trend because the rate of carbon deposition caused by the thermal decomposition of carbon monoxide was faster than the rate of oxygen loss. Compared with the reduction with CO-N2 and H2-CO gas mixtures, H2 gas could enhance the carbon deposition while N2 gas would reduce this phenomenon. The results of X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis demonstrated that the carbons are mainly in the form of cementite (Fe3C) and graphite in reduced sample.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 12-18 [
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19
ZHANG Xing-zhong,ZHENG Xue-ran,LIU Qing-guo,LI Xian-kui,FANG Yi-ming
Investigation and Application of Non-sinusoidal Oscillation Technique of Mold
To improve the slab quality, a kind of non-sinusoidal oscillation technique of mold driven by elliptic gears was developed. The waveform functions of non-sinusoidal oscillation were determined, and the calculation method and curves of technological parameters for non-sinusoidal oscillation were given. At the case of waveform deviation factor α equal to 031 and oscillation amplitude h equal to ±27 mm, the relationship between oscillation frequency and casting speed is determined, and the technological parameters for non-sinusoidal oscillation are calculated. The testing results of industrial application indicated that this technique could not only improve the slab surface quality, but also reduce the steel breakout.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 19-24 [
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SHIN Jong-min,HAN Seong-ik,KIM Jong-shik
Development and Experimental Evaluation of Strip Shape Prediction Model for Sendzimir Rolling Mills
It is difficult to obtain the desired strip shape using Sendzimir rolling mills because small diameter work rolls can be easily deformed by the rolling force. To control the strip shape effectively, it is important to understand the relationship between the behavior of the shape actuator and the variation of the strip shape. A numerical model based on the contact element method was proposed for the prediction of strip shape. In this numerical model, the relationships between the actuating forces, the roll deflections, the thickness profiles of the entry and exit sides, and the strip shape were considered. The proposed numerical model for strip shape prediction was evaluated by computer simulation and experiment with respect to various AS-U roll and first intermediate roll positions.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 25-32 [
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TENG Zhao-jie,,CHENG Shu-sen,,ZHAO Guo-lei,,DU Peng-yu
Effect of Chute Rotation on Particles Movement for Bell-less Top Blast Furnace
For the bell-less top blast furnace, when particles move along the chute, the particles′ motion direction and the frictional force acting on them will change due to the chute rotation, which consequently influences the velocity at the tip of chute, changes the burden flow width and impact point, and finally affects the stock profile and gas flow distribution. So the influence of chute rotation needs to be considered when calculating the burden trajectory with a mathematical model. The mathematical model was established to analyze the influence of Coriolis force on particle velocity at chute tip as well as height and width of burden flow in chute, and to summarize the effect of Coriolis force on burden distribution, thereby making the calculation result more accurate.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 33-39 [
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40
FENG Ke,,WANG Shui-gen,,HAN Zhi-wei,,KONG Yi-wen,,CAO Jian-feng
Real-Time Slab Quality Diagnosis and Analysis System Based on Solidification Mechanism
According to the two types of slab defects (surface crack and internal crack), a real-time slab quality diagnosis and analysis system named CISDI_SQDS ONLINE R2011 was developed based on heat transfer and solidification simulation, stress and strain calculation as well as metallurgical process analysis about continuous casting, combined with expert knowledge database for specific casting events. The respective crack formation indexes were introduced as the theoretical reference data for slab quality level evaluation. Meanwhile, both the quality loss factors related to casting metallurgical rules and the adjusting factors related to casting events were taken into full consideration, which was integrated organically with theoretical analysis and expert system. The system can be widely used as an important theoretical tool for prediction and control of slab quality in slab continuous casting process.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 40-46 [
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材料
47
YANG Jing-jing,FAN Li-xia,JIA Juan,WU Run,SONG Xin-li,JIANG Li-li
Microtexture Evolution and Grain Boundary Character Distribution of Interstitial-Free Steels With Moderate Levels of Cold Rolling Reductions
High-strength interstitial-free steel sheets have very good deep drawability when processed to have {111} recrystallization texture. The microtexture evolution and grain boundary character distribution of interstitial-free steels as a function of moderate levels of cold rolling reductions were investigated by the metallographic microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction technique. The results showed that there was a close relationship between microtexture and grain boundary character distribution for interstitial-free steel, especially the distribution and features of some specific types of coincident-site lattice boundaries. In addition, α-fiber texture was weakened to vanish while γ-fiber texture strengthened gradually as cold rolling reduction was increased from 20% to 75% for cold rolled and annealed samples. Accordingly, increasing the rolling reduction from 20% to 75% would lead to a significant increase in the proportion of Σ3 boundaries. Also, it was found that the microtexture of 20% cold rolled sample would induce a high frequency of Σ11 grain boundaries, but the microtexture of 75% cold rolled sample would produce more Σ7 and Σ17 grain boundaries. It was suggested that texture played a significant role in the formation of grain boundary character distribution.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 47-52 [
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53
CHEN Xiao-wei,,LIAO Bo,QIAO Gui-ying,GU Yu,WANG Xu,,XIAO Fu-ren
Effect of Nb on Mechanical Properties of HAZ for High-Nb X80 Pipeline Steels
The mechanical properties of heat affected zone (HAZ) of two commercial high-Nb X80 grade pipeline steels with different alloy elements were investigated using thermal simulation performed on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The results showed that the high-Nb steels have excellent weldability. Embrittlement regions appear in coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) and intercritically heat affected zone (ICHAZ); Softening region appears in fine-grain heat affected zone (FGHAZ), and the strength here was even lower than 555 MPa as required in the standard. Meanwhile, with the increase of heat input, the strength and the toughness of HAZ of steel with high Nb, C and lower alloy decrease notably. Therefore, take into account the welding procedure during manufacture of weld pipe, suitable amount of alloy elements, such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo and so on, is necessary for high Nb X80 heavy-thick steel plate.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 53-59 [
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WANG Zhi-gang,,ZHAO Ai-min,ZHAO Zheng-zhi,YE Jie-yun,CHEN Jing-jing,HE Jian-guo
Precipitation Behavior and Textural Evolution of Cold-Rolled High Strength Deep Drawing Dual-Phase Steels
Low-carbon Cr-Mo micro-alloyed deep drawing dual-phase steels were designed in laboratory. As the microstructure and texture evolution in hot-rolled strips and annealed sheets were investigated using SEM,TEM and XRD technologies, the attribution of solute Mo and MoC particles to DP sheets′ drawing capacity was investigated. The precipitation thermodynamics were also calculated by Thermo-calc software. Results show that the precipitates in hot-rolled strips mainly are MoC, AlN and MnS, and with the increase of Mo-addition, finer and denser MoC particles precipitated in matrix and along grain boundaries of ferrite more easily. Weak textures are shown in the hot-rolled strips, and {112}<110> and {223}<110> components tend to be stable in subsequent cold rolling process. During annealing, on one hand, the development of <111>∥ND texture is suppressed because finer MoC particles prevent the grain boundary migration. On the other hand, unfavorable texture {001}<110> significantly reduces with Mo increasing, which is attributed to that part of solution C in matrix has been fixed during recrystallization. In addition, the addition of Mo can enhance hardenability strongly and MoC easily re-dissolve at high temperature, which is favor to form martensite in dual-phase steel.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 60-68 [
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69
GUO Biao,GE Chang-chun,,XU Yi
Flow Behavior and Numerical Simulation of Spray-Formed FGH95 Superalloy Under Hot Compression
The flow behavior of spray-formed FGH95 superalloy (similar to Rene 95) was investigated at temperatures ranging from 1050 to 1140 ℃ and strain rate ranging from 001 to 10 s-1. At a given temperature and strain rate, flow stress increases quickly with increasing strain and then reaches a peak, then gradual decreases until high strain, and dynamic softening is observed. Utilizing the hyperbolic sine function and introducing the strain with nonlinear fitting, the revised constitutive equations incorporating the effects of temperature, strain rate and strain for high temperature flow stress prediction of superalloy were established. The revised constitutive equations were implanted into finite element software by second development to simulate the hot compression process successfully, and the effective stress and load stroke curves obtained by numerical simulation are good agreement with the experimental results.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 69-74 [
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WANG Hai-ren,,XIAO Zhen,QU Jun-e,YANG Hong-wei,CAO Zhi-yong,GUO Xing-peng
A Comparison Study on Corrosion Resistance of 430 Stainless Steel Surfaces Modified by Alkylsilane and Fluoroalkylsilane SAMs
The self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) of n-dodecyltriethoxysilane (DTES) and 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDS) on the surface of the 430 stainless steel (430SS) were prepared and their corrosion protection performance was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)-attenuated total reflection (ATR), static contact angle and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the alkali pretreatment and the water added into the self-assembly solution could generate more hydroxyls on the 430SS surface, and then enhanced the adsorption of the SAMs. A suitable temperature of the self-assembly solution is important for the formation of the SAMs. The silane SAMs were chemically adsorbed on the 430SS substrates by Fe-O-Si bonds. In all cases tested, PFDS has a better inhibition effect compared with DTES, and the difference in inhibition effect is most marked at the lowest concentration of 1 mmol/L.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 75-81 [
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82
M Balakrishnan,V Balasubramanian,G Madhusudhan Reddy
Effect of Hardfaced Interlayer Thickness and Low Hydrogen Ferritic Capping on Ballistic Performance of Shielded Metal Arc Welded Armour Steel Joints
Armour grade quenched and tempered steel closely confirming to AISI 4340 is well known for its superior ballistic performance and hence used in the fabrication of combat vehicles. The traditional fillers like austenitic stainless steel showed poor ballistic performance of these welded joints as compared to the base metal. Attempts have been made to deposit hardfaced interlayer between austenitic stainless steel weld metals. Though this method, marginal improvements in ballistic performance can be yielded, and cracks were observed in between base metal and hardfaced layer. Thickness of the hardfaced interlayer plays a vital role for the effective ballistic performance. Thus, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of hardfaced interlayer thickness on ballistic performance of armour steel welds. The results of effect of buttering, low hydrogen ferritic (LHF) filler and three different hardfaced layer thicknesses (4, 55 and 7 mm) on ballistic performance of shielded metal arc welded armour steel joints were given.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 82-91 [
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ZHOU Chao,,ZHANG Yong-jian,HUI Wei-jun,WANG Lei
Influence of Hydrogen on GBF in Very High Cycle Fatigue of High Strength Steel
The relationship of hydrogen,GBF (granular bright facet) and very high cycle fatigue properties of high strength spring steels 60Si2CrV with three different hydrogen contents were studied using hydrogen thermal desorption analysis and ultrasonic fatigue test. The results showed that the influence of hydrogen on the relationship between fatigue life and the ratio of GBF to inclusion size AGBFAINC was obvious, and the expression between fatigue life and AGBFAINC with different hydrogen contents can also be obtained. In addition, based on the research of hydrogen diffusion and GBF, it was explained why the GBF cannot form below 106 cycles. At last, the estimated critical fatigue life of GBF formation can be expressed accurately.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 92-97 [
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SHI Zhen-xue,HAN Mei,LIU Shi-zhong,LI Jia-rong
Influence of Cast Dimension on Rotary Bending High Cycle Fatigue Properties of Single Crystal Superalloy
Samples of DD3 single crystal superalloy with different dimensions were cast in the directionally solidified furnace with high temperature gradient. The effect of cast dimension on the rotary bending high cycle fatigue (HCF) properties of the alloy was investigated at 800 ℃ in ambient atmosphere. SEM was used to examine the fracture surface and fracture mechanism of the alloy. The results show that the rotary bending HCF properties of the alloy decreases with increasing cast dimension. The cast dimension has little effect on the HCF fracture mechanism of the alloy. The HCF fracture mechanism of the alloy with different cast dimensions is all quasi-cleavage fracture. The fatigue cracks initiated on the surface or near the surface of the specimens. The crack would propagate along {111} octahedral slip planes. Typical fatigue arc and striation formed on fatigue crack steady propagation. The degeneration of HCF properties is due to the increase of dendrite arm spacing and size of γ′ phase particles and maximal microporosity.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 98-102 [
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103
Masood Hajali,Caesar Abishdid
Determination of Two-Dimensional Plastic Zone Shape and SIF at Crack-Tip Using RKPM
Reproducing kernel particle Method (RKPM) is a meshless technology which has proven very useful for solving problems of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. The mode I plastic zone shape at the crack-tip in a work-hardening material is obtained using RKPM. Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain relation is assumed and the crack-tip stress intensity factor (SIF) before and after formation of the plastic zone are examined. To impose the essential boundary conditions, penalty method is used. To construct the shape functions in the vicinity of the crack and crack-tip, both the diffraction and visibility criteria are employed. A comparison between two conventional treatments, visibility and diffraction, to crack discontinuity is conducted. The effects of different dilation parameters on SIF under plane-stress and plane-strain conditions are studied. Results including plastic zone shape are compared with finite element method (FEM) to show the accuracy of RKPM. The main objective is to study the effects of different dilation parameters on SIF under plane stress and plane strain conditions and to obtain the mode I plastic zone shape at the crack-tip in a work-hardening material using RKPM.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 103-114 [
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115
Mohsen Ayaz,Daavood Mirahmadi Khaki,Nasrollah Bani Mostafa Arab
Improvement of Grain Size and Dome Height of Microalloyed Steels Using Taguchi Method Based on Grey Relational Grade in Controlled Rolling
An efficient approach was introduced for improving the condition of major controlled rolling process parameters of roughing, finishing and coiling temperatures and optimizing these parameters to obtain minimum grain size and maximum dome height simultaneously. Taguchi method combined with grey relational analysis was applied to achieve optimum grain size and dome height during controlled rolling process. For this purpose, four levels for the above temperatures were chosen and sixteen experiments were conducted based on orthogonal array of Taguchi method. Based on Taguchi approach, signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios were calculated and used in order to obtain the optimum levels for every input parameter. Analysis of variance revealed that finishing and coiling temperatures have the maximum effect on the grain size and dome height of microalloyed steels. The confirmation tests with the optimal levels of parameters indicated that the grain size and dome height of controlled rolled microalloyed steels can be improved effectively through this approach.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 115-123 [
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124
Zappa Sebastián,Surian Estela,,Svoboda Hernán,
Effects of Welding Procedure on Corrosion Resistance and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Supermartensitic Stainless Steel Deposits
The effects of shielding gas and post weld heat treatment on the pitting resistance, stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement of supermartensitic stainless steel deposits were studied. Two all-weld-metal test coupons were prepared using a metal-cored wire under Ar+5%He and Ar+18%CO2 gas shielding mixtures. Solubilizing and solubilizing plus double tempering heat treatments were done with the objective of achieving different microstructural results. The samples welded under Ar+5%He showed higher pitting corrosion resistance, for all post weld heat treatments, than those welded under Ar+18%CO2. The different post weld heat treatments generated higher susceptibility to this corrosion mechanism. None of the samples presented signs of stress corrosion cracking, but in those subjected to the heat treatment, grain boundary selective attack was observed, on the surfaces of all the samples studied. The samples with highest hardness were more susceptible to hydrogen damage, thereby leading to reduced tensile strength on this condition.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 124-132 [
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133
S V Sajadifar,G G Yapici,M Ketabchi,B Bemanizadeh
High Temperature Deformation Behavior of 4340 Steel:Activation Energy Calculation and Modeling of Flow Response
The 4340 steel is extensively utilized in several industries including automotive and aerospace for manufacturing a large number of structural components. Due to the importance of thermo-mechanical processing in the production of steels, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) characteristics of 4340 steel were investigated. Namely, hot compression tests on 4340 steel have been performed in a temperature range of 900-1200 ℃ and a strain rate range of 001-1 s-1 and the strain of up to 09. The resulting flow stress curves show the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The flow stress values decrease with the increase of deformation temperature and the decrease of strain rate. The microstructure of 4340 steel after deformation has been studied and it is suggested that the evolution of DRX grain structures can be accompanied by considerable migration of grain boundaries. The constitutive equations were developed to model the hot deformation behavior. Finally based on the classical stress-dislocation relations and the kinematics of the dynamic recrystallization; the flow stress constitutive equations for the dynamic recovery period and dynamic recrystallization period were derived for 4340 steel, respectively. The validity of the model was demonstrated by demonstrating the experimental data with the numerical results with reasonable agreement.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 133-139 [
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140
YANG Yan-hui,,WANG Mao-qiu,CHEN Jing-chao,DONG Han
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Gear Steels After High Temperature Carburization
High temperature carburization is becoming more and more attractive because it can remarkably reduce processing time and increase productivity. However, the commonly used gear steels which are microalloyed by Al are not suitable for high temperature carburization due to abnormal grain coarsening. The gear steel 20CrMnTiNb, which is microalloyed with 0048% Nb and 0038% Ti, has been compared with the gear steel 20CrMn in terms of microstructure in the case of hardened layer and in the core after carburizing at 1000 ℃ for 4 h and mechanical properties after carburizing and pseudo-carburizing. The results indicate that the fine austenite grains exist in the carburized case of 20CrMnTiNb steel, while there is abnormal coarsening and duplex grain structure in the case and core of steel 20CrMn. The average prior austenite grain sizes are 195 and 342 μm for the steels 20CrMnTiNb and 20CrMn, respectively. In addition, the mechanical properties of 20CrMnTiNb steel are superior to those of 20CrMn steel. In particular, the HV hardness of the former is higher than that of the latter by about 40-70 in the range of less than 07 mm in depth. Therefore, the steel 20CrMnTiNb is suitable for high temperature carburization.
2013 Vol. 20 (12): 140-145 [
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