钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2014年 21卷 5期
刊出日期：2014-05-15
Material
Metallurgy and Metal Working
Metallurgy and Metal Working
481
Xiao-lin CHEN,Guo-dong WANG,Yong TIAN,Bing-xing WANG,Guo YUAN,Zhao-dong WANG
An On-line Finite Element Temperature Field Model for Plate Ultra Fast Cooling Process
Taking the element specific-heat interpolation function into account, a one-dimensional (1-D) finite element temperature field model for the on-line control of the ultra fast cooling process was developed based on the heat transfer theory. This 1-D model was successfully implemented in one 4300 mm plate production line. To improve the calculation accuracy of this model, the temperature-dependent material properties inside an element were considered during the modeling process. Furthermore, in order to satisfy the real-time requirements of the on-line model, the variable bandwidth storage method and the Cholesky decomposition method were used in the programming to storage the data and carry out the numerical solution. The on-line application of the proposed model indicated that the deviation between the calculated cooling stop temperature and the measured one was less than ±15 ℃.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 481-487 [
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488
Xue-feng SHE,,Jing-song WANG,Guang WANG,Qing-guo XUE,Xin-xin ZHANG
Removal Mechanism of Zn, Pb and Alkalis from Metallurgical Dusts in Direct Reduction Process
The high-temperature tube furnace was applied to simulate the rotary hearth furnace (RHF) for the direct reduction of zinc-bearing dusts from steel plants. The removal mechanism of Zn, Pb and alkalis from cold bonded briquettes made by mixing metallurgical wastes, such as dust from bag house filter, OG sludge, fine converter ash and dust from the third electric field precipitator of the sinter strand, in various proportions was investigated. More than 70% of metallization rate, more than 95% of zinc removal rate, 80% of lead removal, as well as more than 80% of K and Na removal rates were achieved for the briquettes kept at 1473-1603 K for 15 min during the direct reduction process respectively. The soot generated in the direct reduction process was studied by chromatography, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results suggested that the main phases of the soot were ZnO, KCl, NaCl and 4ZnO·ZnCl2·5H2O. Furthermore, the content of Zn reached 64. 2%, which could be used as secondary resources for zinc making. It was concluded that KCl and NaCl in secondary dust resulted from the volatilization from the briquettes, whilst ZnO and PbO were produced by the oxidation of Zn or lead vapour from briquettes by direct reduction.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 488-496 [
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496
Lu LIN,,Yan-ping BAO,Min WANG,Wei JIANG,Han-mei ZHOU
Separation and Recovery of Phosphorus from P-bearing Steelmaking Slag
In order to recycle the phosphorus from P-bearing steelmaking slag, the influences of magnetic field intensities, slag particle sizes and slag compositions were investigated by magnetic separation experiments. SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 melting modification of converter slag was made respectively and phosphorus-rich phase was extracted by magnetic separation. The results show that MgO, MnO, Na2O and CaF2 have little effect on the phosphorus recovery, whereas the addition of SiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2 has great effect on phosphorus enrichment in slag and magnetic separation. With adding the reagent of SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2, recycled non-magnetic substances are increased obviously and P2O5 content in non-magnetic substances and phosphorus recovery rate are also increased. The phosphorus recovery rates of modified slag No. 8 (SiO2 modification), slag No. 10 (Al2O3 modification) and slag No. 11 (TiO2 modification) are 84. 75%, 82. 16% and 74. 46%, respectively. Then, most of phosphorus was recycled.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 496-502 [
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503
Jin-hua RUAN,Li-wen ZHANG,Sen-dong GU,Jian-lin ZHANG,Wen-bin HE,Shao-hui CHEN
Broadside Compensation Rolling Model for Plan View Pattern Control in Wide and Heavy Plate Rolling Process
On the basis of a 5 m plate mill, a 3D rigid-plastic finite element (FE) model was developed to investigate changes of plate plan view patterns during hot rolling process. By analyzing the simulation results of conventional rolling processes, it was found that the plate plan view pattern was closely related to broadside rolling ratio. Then, the prediction models for plate plan view patterns were formulated by nonlinear regressive analysis of the simulation results and modified for high accuracy. Based on these models, the broadside compensation rolling method performing at the last pass of broadside rolling phase was designed to decrease plate end crops. Comparing the plate plan view patterns with and without broadside compensation rolling, reduced plate end crops indicate that the broadside compensation rolling model is effective for plate plan view pattern control.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 503-508 [
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Material
509
Gang HUO,,Yi-ming CEN,Zhen-xing LI,Guo-dong LI,Chang-sheng LI
Effects of Heat Treatment Process Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of DP440 Cold Rolled Strip
In order to optimize the production process, improve the production efficiency and accelerate the development and application of the domestic dual-phase steel, the effects of heat treatment process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of DP440 cold rolled strip were studied by the CAS-300 simulated continuous annealing equipment. When the heating rate increased from 5 to 100 ℃/s, both the tensile strength and yield strength increased because of the decreased grain size. When the intercritical annealing temperature increased from 780 to 850 ℃, the martensite content decreased so that the tensile strength decreased first, then increased, and the yield strength increased. When the rapid cooling rate increased from 25 to 100 ℃/s, because the martensite content increased, the tensile strength increased, while the yield strength decreased. When the overaging temperature increased from 260 to 400 ℃, the tensile strength decreased, while the yield strength increased. When the overaging time increased from 240 to 480 s, the tensile strength decreased a little, while the yield strength increased a little.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 509-516 [
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517
Xiao-dong LI,Ying CHANG,Zhi-yong WEI,Guang-yi CHEN,Ming-gang ZHU,Ling WENG
Preparation of Nanoscale Sm2Co17 Flakes by Ball Milling in Magnetic Field
A new preparation method of Sm2Co17 nanoflakes was investigated. Hard magnetic Sm2Co17 nanoflakes with thickness of 20-100 nm were obtained by milling in heptane and oleic acid under a magnetic field of 1. 5 T for 0. 5-20 h. It was shown that higher anisotropic magnetic properties would be induced by the flake-shape anisotropy when the prepared Sm2Co17 particles are milled with a magnetic field. The magnetic anisotropy of flakes after being aligned under the magnetic field of 1. 5 T could be further enhanced, and the value of (BH)m was 128 kJ·m-3. Both anisotropy and properties are better than those of the nano-particles milled without a magnetic field.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 517-520 [
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521
Fei CHEN,,Fa-cai REN,Zhen-shan CUI,Xin-min LAI
Constitutive Modeling for Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of 30Cr2Ni4MoV Ultra-super-critical Rotor Steel
In order to perform numerical simulation of forging and determine the hot deformation processing parameters for 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel, the compressive deformation behaviors of 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel were investigated at the temperatures from 970 to 1270 ℃ and strain rates from 0. 001 to 0. 1 s-1 on a Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator. The flow stress constitutive equations of the work hardening-dynamical recovery period and dynamical recrystallization period were established for 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel. The stress-strain curves of 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel predicted by the proposed model well agreed with experimental results, which confirmed that the proposed equations can be used to determine the hot deformation processing parameters for 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 521-526 [
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527
Wei DING,,Zhi-hua GONG,Bao-feng WANG,Di TANG,Hai-tao JIANG
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TRIP Steel with Annealed Martensite
The microstructure and mechanical properties of cold rolled TRIP steel containing C 0. 2, Si 0. 5, Mn 1. 5, Al 1. 3, and Nb+V 0. 13 (mass%) with annealed martensite (TAM steel) were investigated using optical microscopy, field emission gun scanning electronic microscope (FEG SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mechanical testing. The microstructure of the TAM steel mainly consisted of polygonal ferrite, bainite, annealed martensite and retained austenite. The martensite after annealing did not spheroidize, which consisted of annealed lath martensite structure and interlath second phase. Compared with the traditional TRIP steel with polygonal ferrite matrix (TPF steel), the TAM steel has more excellent elongation rate over 32%. The TAM steel also has better strain hardening behavior than the TPF steel. The excellent elongation and strain hardening behavior of TAM steel result from high retained austenite stability of the TAM steel, which is attributed to its fine distribution and medium strength ratio of second phase to matrix.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 527-531 [
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532
Qi-hong CEN,Hai-bin ZHANG,Han-guang FU
Effect of Heat Treatment on Structure and Wear Resistance of High Chromium Cast Steel Containing Boron
The microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of high chromium cast steel containing boron after different heat treatments were studied by means of the optical microscopy (OM), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), hardness, impact toughness, tensile and pin-on-disc abrasion tests. The results show that as-cast microstructures of boron-free high chromium steel consist of martensite and a few (Cr,Fe)7C3 carbide, and the macro-hardness of boron-free high chromium steel is 55-57 HRC. After 0. 5 mass% B was added into high chromium cast steel, as-cast structure transforms into eutectic (Fe,Cr)2B, (Cr,Fe)7(C,B)3 and martensite, and the macro-hardness reaches 58-60 HRC. High temperature quenching leads to the disconnection and isolated distribution of boride, and there are many (Cr,Fe)23(C,B)6 precipitated phases in the quenching structure. Quenching from 1050 ℃, high chromium steel obtained the highest hardness, and the hardness of high chromium cast steel containing boron is higher than that of boron-free high chromium steel. The change of quenching temperature has no obvious effect on impact toughness of high chromium steel, and the increase of quenching temperature leads to tensile strength having an increasing tendency. At the same quenching temperature, the wear resistance of high chromium cast steel containing boron is more excellent than that of boron-free high chromium steel. High chromium cast steel guide containing boron has good performance while using in steel bar mill.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 532-538 [
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539
Yun PENG,Xing-na PENG,Xiao-mu ZHANG, Zhi-ling TIAN,Tao WANG
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of GMAW Weld Metal of 890 MPa Class Steel
The relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc weld metal with strength over 890 MPa is discussed. The microstructure of the weld metals is characterized with OM, SEM, TEM and EBSD. The microstructure of the weld metals is mainly composed of martensite and bainite. Experimental results show that the microstructure with predominant fine lath bainite possesses good toughness of 77 J, while its yield strength is less than 800 MPa. The microstructure of coarse lath martensite and bainite has the lowest toughness of 43 J and its yield strength is 820 MPa. The mixed microstructure with fine martensite, bainite and retained austenite films bears good combination of toughness and yield strength (62 J and 880 MPa, respectively). It is concluded that fine effective grain size and ductile phase of austenite films are two main factors to achieve good mechanical properties.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 539-544 [
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545
Yue-xiu QIU,,Bo LI,Jyh-wei LEE,,Dong-liang ZHAO
Self-lubricating CrVN Coating Strengthened via Multilayering with VN
To improve the mechanical properties of self-lubricating chromium vanadium nitride (CrVN) coatings, vanadium nitride (VN) is combined with CrVN to form multilayered CrVN/VN coatings through an in-line magnetron sputtering system. The strengthening effect of the period thickness on the mechanical and tribological properties is studied. X-ray diffractometer, low-angle X-ray reflectivity, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, electron probe micro-analyzer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are employed to characterize the microstructures and chemical composition. Nanoindentation and ball-on-disc tribo-tester are used in characterization of the mechanical and tribological properties. The CrVN/VN multilayer coatings demonstrate good lubrication property with coefficient of friction down to 0. 23. Multilayering with VN, the hardness of CrVN jumps to 27. 6 GPa with period thickness of 6 nm, which has an improvement of 5. 1 GPa compared with that of 22. 5 GPa from rule-of-mixture.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 545-550 [
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551
Wei ZHAN,,Li-qiang CAO,Jun HU,,Wen-quan CAO,Jian LI,Han DONG
Intercritical Rolling Induced Ultrafine Lamellar Structure and Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Medium-Mn Steel
The medium-Mn steel with ferrite and austenite structure was rolled in the intercritical region down to different rolling reduction. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the rolled steels were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and tensile tests. It was found that the ferrite and austenite structure gradually evolved into an ultrafine structure from the random directional lath structure to lamellar structure with lath longitudinal direction parallel to the rolling direction with increasing rolling strain. It was found that the thickness of the laths was gradually refined with increasing rolling strain. The lath thickness is about 0. 15 μm stored with high density dislocations and the austenite volume fraction of the steel is about 24% after 80% rolling reduction. Furthermore, it was interesting to find that yield strength, tensile strength and total elongation of the 80% rolled medium-Mn steel are about 1000 MPa, 1250 MPa and 24%, respectively, demonstrating an excellent combination of the strength and ductility. Based on the microstructure examination, it was proposed that the grain refinement of the medium-Mn steels could be attributed to the duplex structure and the low rolling temperature. Analysis of the relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties indicated that the high yield strength mainly resulted from the ultrafine grain size and the high density dislocation, but the improved ductility may be attributed to the large fractions of austenite retained after intercritical rolling.
2014 Vol. 21 (5): 551-558 [
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