钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2015年 22卷 2期
刊出日期：2015-02-15
Material
Metallurgy and Metal Working
Review
Review
91
Yu-ping LANG,Hua-peng QU,Hai-tao CHEN,Yu-qing WENG
Research Progress and Development Tendency of Nitrogen-alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steels
Research progress on nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels was expounded through the development of steel grades. In addition, hot topics in the research of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels were discussed, including the solubility of nitrogen, brittle-ductile transition, and welding. On this basis, it was proposed that the future development tendency of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels lied in the three fields of high-performance steels, resource-saving steels, and biologically friendly steels. The problems encountered during the research of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels were discussed.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 91-98 [
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Metallurgy and Metal Working
99
Hui ZHANG,Chun-zheng YANG,Ming-lin WANG,Hong-biao TAO,He-ping LIU,Xue-bing WANG
Technology Development for Controlling Slab Transverse Corner Crack of Typical Micro-alloyed Steels
A mathematical model for simulating the fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification in the conventional mold and the chamfer mold, together with a finite element stress-strain model in the straightening process of both molds, were established for the typical niobium, vanadium, and titanium micro-alloyed steels. On the basis of both numerical analysis, the mold copper plate with an optimum chamfered shape was designed and applied in industrial tests. The predicted results from numerical simulation of fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification in the conventional mold and the chamfer mold show that the increased chamfered angle leads to an approximately linear increase of the slab surface temperature, but it also causes strong flow near the slab corner. Very small chamfered length can lead to a significant increase of the temperature near the slab corner. However, with further increasing the chamfered length, the temperature of the slab corner increased slightly. The calculated results from the finite element analysis of stress-strain during the straightening process show that at the same slope width, the tangential strain on the slab edges and corners is minimum when the chamfered angle is 30° and 45°, which is only 40% to 46% of rectangular slabs with the same cross-section area. At the same chamfered angle of 30°, when the chamfered length is controlled between 65-85 mm, the tangential strain on the part of the slab edges and corners is relatively smaller. Industrial test results show that the slab corner temperature at straightening segment increases about 100 ℃ by using chamfer mold compared to the conventional molds. The slab transverse corner cracks have been reduced more than 95% in comparison with those in the conventional mold.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 99-105 [
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106
Jin-shan CHEN, Chang-sheng LI
Prediction and Control of Thermal Scratch Defect on Surface of Strip in Tandem Cold Rolling
The thermal scratch significantly influences the surface quality of the cold rolled stainless steel strip. In order to establish a precise mathematical model of oil film thickness in deformation zone, the lubrication in cold rolling process of B443NT stainless steel strip was studied in the laboratory. According to the principle of statistics, a mathematical model of critical oil film thickness in deformation zone for thermal scratch was built, with fitting and regression analytical method, and then based on temperature comparison method, the criterion for deciding thermal scratch defect was put forward. Storing and calling data through SQL Server 2005, a software on thermal scratch control was developed in the Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 environment by MFC technique for stainless steel in tandem cold rolling, and then it was used into the practical production. Statistical results demonstrated that the hit rate of thermal scratch arrives at 91. 47%, the occurrence rate of thermal scratch is decreased by 87. 81%, and rolling speed is increased by 7. 3%. The developed software is of significance to the control of products quality of stainless steel strips, and the analysis and solution to the problem of thermal scratch defects in tandem cold rolling.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 106-114 [
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115
Hua-jie ZHANG,Jing-song WANG,Xiu-wei AN,Xiao-jian ZUO,Qing-guo XUE
Reduction Behavior of Pellet under Simulated Oxygen Blast Furnace Condition
The reduction behavior of pellet was researched through the programming apparatus under simulated conditions of oxygen blast furnace (OBF) and traditional blast furnace (T-BF). The results indicated that compared with traditional blast furnace, the reduction starting temperature of pellet decreased by 60 ℃ under oxygen blast furnace condition. The reduction degree of pellet could almost reach 100% under oxygen blast furnace condition when the temperature reached 1100 ℃, whereas it was only 82. 49% in traditional blast furnace. The content of carbon in pellet of oxygen blast furnace was about 5 times more than that of traditional blast furnace. In addition, the microstructure at the periphery and core of pellets after reaction was characterized by means of SEM and EDS.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 115-120 [
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121
Jun ZHANG,Yuan-hong QI,Ding-liu YAN,Xiang-li CHENG,Peng HE
Characteristics and Mechanism of Reduction and Smelting-separation Process of Copper Slag
The characteristics and mechanism of the reduction and smelting-separation process of the copper slag were studied by investigating the variation rule of metallization ratio, yield as well as carbon content of iron nuggets. The formation of molten slag is necessary for slag-iron separation, and iron is in half-molten state during smelting-separation process, the carbon content of which is about 1. 25%. Carburization occurs through direct contact between carbon and iron in essence, no matter in solid or molten state. The carburization rate is slow below 1200 ℃, which is inhibited by the existence of slag. Residual FeO in molten slag tends to form fayalite with SiO2 in the copper slag, which is the root cause for the low melting temperature of copper slag. The addition of CaO improves the reducibility of the copper slag, but Al2O3 addition has no obvious effect. The melting temperature of slag affects the carburization extent in solid state, while the content of FeO in molten slag affects that in molten state, both of which co-determine the carbon content in iron nuggets.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 121-127 [
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128
Yan SHI,,Shi-meng LIU,Chang-qing HU,Yu-zhu ZHANG
Microstructure Variation of Pellets Containing Ferrous Dust during Carbonation Consolidation
The carbonation and microstructure characteristics of pellets containing ferrous dusts were investigated during carbonation consolidation at different reaction temperatures and CO2 partial pressures. The results indicated that green pellets had loose and network supporting structure with initial strength, and large cracks and pores existed in the pellets. The carbonation reaction was controlled by interfacial chemical reaction at the initial fast stage, which limited diffusion and thus caused the reaction rate to decrease. With increasing reaction temperature and CO2 partial pressure, the conversion rates of CaO and the number of microcrystalline CaCO3 particles increased, and the volume expansion of CaCO3 led to a decrease in the open porosity, average pore size and specific surface area of the pellets. Micro-pores were occluded, and the number of smaller pores (diameter less than 50 nm) increased, thereby resulting in the more compact and uniform structure of carbonated pellets. Simultaneously, the dense structure prevented CO2 diffusion into the product layer, affecting the increase in carbonation conversion rate.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 128-134 [
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Material
135
Li-wei WANG,,Xiao-gang LI,Cui-wei DU,Peng ZHANG,Yi-zhong HUANG
In-situ Corrosion Characterization of API X80 Steel and Its Corresponding HAZ Microstructures in an Acidic Environment
During heat treatment processing, microstructures of heat affected zone (HAZ) were formed in X80 pipeline steel. After observation by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, microstructure of the as-received X80 steel was confirmed to be acicular ferrite, while the microstructures of quenched, normalized and annealed X80 steels were lath bainite, granular ferrite and quasi-polygonal ferrite, respectively. After immersion in the simulated acidic soil solution for 48 h, corrosion rates of these four steels were determined by mass loss measurements and corrosion products were examined by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Scanning vibrating electrode technique was used to characterize the micro-galvanic corrosion behaviors of the synthetic bimetallic electrodes which were formed by coupling each of the simulated HAZ microstructures with the as-received steel in direct physical and electric contact. It is demonstrated that the as-received steel acts as cathode in the as-received/quenched and as-received/normalized couples, while the annealed steel acts as cathode when coupling with the as-received steel. The distinction of current density between the galvanic couples reduces with prolonging the immersion time.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 135-144 [
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145
Xiao-rong WU,,De-ren LI,,Zhun LI,,Zhi-chao LU,
Amorphous FeNiCoCuSiBCr Alloys with Superior Direct Current Tolerant Characteristics
Amorphous Fe62-xNi19CoxCu0. 1Si3. 8B14Cr1. 1 (x=0, 1, 5, 10) ribbons were annealed under magnetic field and tensile stress, respectively, and their magnetic properties were investigated. Fe73. 5Cu1Nb3Si15. 5B7 and Fe66Ni10-Cu1Nb3Si11B9 nanocrystalline alloy ribbons were also fabricated for comparison. Excellent DC tolerant property was obtained in the amorphous FeNiCoCuSiBCr ribbons after thermomagnetic treatment and the constant permeable property was improved with increasing Co content. The relative permeability was constant up to the DC bias field of approximately 6×10-4, 9×10-4, and 10×10-4 T and the values of relative permeability μr were 1650, 1200, and 1000 with the Co content being 0, 5 at. %, and 10 at. %, respectively. Besides, stress-annealed FeNiCoCuSiBCr alloy ribbons were proved to exhibit positive saturation magnetostriction constant λs.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 145-149 [
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150
Yan CHONG,,Zheng-dong LIU,Andy GODFREY,Lu WANG,Wei LIU,Yu-qing WENG
Heat Treatment of a Candidate Material for 700 ℃ A-USC Power Plants
The preliminary chemical composition optimization and heat treatment parameters of Inconel 740H were investigated systematically. Six heats of experimental alloys (designated as heat 401 to heat 406) with varied chemical compositions were subjected to standard heat treatment at four different solution temperatures. Due to its superior combination of strength, ductility, and toughness together with its minor mechanical property changes at different solution temperatures, heat 405 was chosen as an optimized one to conduct further heat treatment investigations. The evolution of grain size with solution temperature for heat 405 was studied and the optimal solution temperature was determined. After solution treatment at the optimal temperature, four different cooling rates were applied to investigate the effect of cooling rate on the size distribution modal and mean radius of the γ′ precipitates. No bi-modal size distribution of γ′ precipitates was found for all cooling rates and water cooling was recommended for Inconel 740H. In addition, the effect of pre-aging at 800 ℃ for 16 h on the microstructure of Inconel 740H aged for a long time was studied. It is found that pre-aging at 800 ℃ would result in bi-modal size distribution of γ′ precipitates after long time aging at 750 ℃ compared with mono-modal size distribution in samples without pre-aging, which might be caused by the difference in initial size distribution modal before Ostwald ripening of γ′ precipitates in samples with and without pre-aging at 800 ℃.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 150-156 [
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157
Jia-tao ZHANG,Yu-guang ZHAO,Juan TAN,Xiao-feng XU
Austenite Grain Refinement by Reverse α′→γ Transformation in Metastable Austenitic Manganese Steel
Microstructure of metastable austenitic manganese steel after reverse transformation treatment was investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity and hardness testing. Austenite grain refinement was successfully achieved by a two-step heat treatment. First, martensite was produced by cooling the solution-treated samples to -196 ℃. Then, the deep cryogenic treated samples were heated to 850 ℃ upon slow or rapid heating. The mean size of original austenite grain was about 400 μm. But the mean size of equiaxed reversion austenite was refined to 50 μm. Microstructure evolution and electrical resistivity change showed that martensite plates underwent tempering action upon slow heating, and the residual austenite was decomposed, resulting in the formation of pearlite nodules at the austenite grains boundaries. The refinement mechanism upon slow heating is the diffusion-controlled nucleation and growth of austenite. However, the reverse transformation upon rapid heating was predominated by displacive manner. The residual austenite was not decomposed. The plate α-phase was carbon-supersaturated until the starting of reverse transformation. The reverse transformation was accompanied by surface effect, resulting in the formation of plate austenite with high density dislocations. The refinement mechanism upon rapid heating is the recrystallization of displacive reversed austenite.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 157-162 [
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163
Chun-fu KUANG,,Jian WANG,Jun LI,Shen-gen ZHANG,Hua-fei LIU,Hong-lin YANG
Effect of Continuous Annealing on Microstructure and Bake Hardening Behavior of Low Carbon Steel
The influences of the heating rate, annealing temperature and soaking time during continuous annealing on the microstructure evolution and bake hardening behavior of the low carbon steel were investigated. After 2% prestraining, bake treatment (180 ℃×20 min) was carried out to measure BH (bake hardening) values. The results showed that, with the increase of the annealing temperature, the grain size increased except for annealing in the intercritical region. Furthermore, the BH value increased and the mean grain size reduced with increasing the heating rate from 5 to 80 ℃/s. The BH value was very low before complete recrystallization. After a significant decrease from 630 to 720 ℃, the BH value enhanced when the steel was annealed at 750 ℃. With the increase of the soaking time from 20 to 100 s, the BH value reduced linearly due to the segregation of solute C atoms.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 163-170 [
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171
Hong-yu LIU,,Bao-yi WAN,Xiao-yu ZENG,Chong LIN,Hong-jun WANG
Effect of V and N on Microstructures and Properties of Grade-70 Tire Cord Steel during Cold Drawing
Commercial grade-70 tire cord steel was microalloyed with V and N to explore the possibility of substituting V for C and the effect of V and N on cementite dissolution during cold drawing process. Tensile strength, elongation and torsion laps of cold-drawn wires were determined. Microstructures of secondary phases were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Saturation magnetization was measured by using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) to evaluate cementite dissolution during cold drawing process. Experimental results showed that with the increase of V content, tensile strength increased, elongation slightly decreased, and the torsion laps of the cold-drawn wires decreased. Results also showed that with the increase of N content, a peak (increasing first and then decreasing) appeared in the tensile strength graph, and an increase of elongation and a decrease of torsion laps of the cold-drawn wires occured. N is soluble in ferrite when its content is low. The increase in the content of N to 82×10-6 will result in the precipitation of the V-containing secondary phases. Also, cementite tended to be stable during cold drawing process with the increase of V and N contents. Grade-80 tire cord steel can be replaced by grade-70 tire cord steel microalloyed with 0. 086 mass% V.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 171-178 [
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179
Zhi-ping XIONG,,Xue-ping REN,Jian SHU,,Zhe-lei WANG,Wei-ping BAO,,Shu-xia LI
Effect of Temperature on Microstructure and Deformation Mechanism of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP Steel at Strain Rate of 700 s-1
As twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel is one potential material for shaped charge liner due to the combination of high strength and high plasticity, deformation mechanism at high strain rate and high temperature is required to study. Compression experiments of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel were conducted using a Gleeble-1500 thermal simulation machine and a split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) between 298 and 1073 K at strain rates of 10-3 and 700 s-1, respectively. Microstructures were observed using optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results show that flow stress and densities of deformation twins and dislocations decrease with increasing deformation temperature at strain rates of 10-3 and 700 s-1. The stack fault energy (SFE) values (Γ) of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel at different temperatures were calculated using thermodynamic data. Based on corresponding microstructures, it can be inferred that at 700 s-1, twinning is the main deformation mechanism at 298-573 K for 30 mJ/m2≤Γ≤63 mJ/m2, while dislocation gliding is the main deformation mechanism above 1073 K for Γ≥145 mJ/m2. In addition, with increasing strain rate from 10-3 to 700 s-1, the SFE range of twinning is enlarged and the SEF value of twinning becomes higher.
2015 Vol. 22 (2): 179-184 [
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