钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2015年 22卷 3期
刊出日期：2015-03-15
Material
Metallurgy and Metal Working
Review
Review
185
Xiao-chen WANG,Quan YANG,You-zhao SUN
Rectangular Section Control Technology for Silicon Steel Rolling
Rectangular section control technology (RSCT) was introduced to achieve high-precision profile control during silicon steel rolling. The RSCT principle and method were designed, and the whole RSCT control strategy was developed. Specifically, RSCT included roll contour design, rolling technology optimization, and control strategy development, aiming at both hot strip mills (HSMs) and cold strip mills (CSMs). Firstly, through the high-performance variable crown (HVC) work roll optimization design in the upper-stream stands and the limited shifting technology for schedule-free rolling in the downstream stands of HSMs, a hot strip with a stable crown and limited wedge, local spot, and single wave was obtained, which was suitable for cold rolling. Secondly, an approximately rectangular section was obtained by edge varying contact (EVC) work roll contour design, edge-drop setting control, and closed loop control in the upper-stream stands of CSMs. Moreover, complex-mode flatness control was realized by coordinating multiple shape-control methods in the downstream stands of CSMs. In addition, the RSCT approach was applied in several silicon-steel production plants, where an outstanding performance and remarkable economic benefits were observed.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 185-191 [
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Metallurgy and Metal Working
192
Xu CHEN,Fu-bin LIU,Zhou-hua JIANG,Hua-bing LI,Xi-min ZANG,Xin DENG
Mathematical Modeling of ESR Process for Hollow Ingot with Current Supplying Mould
With increasing demand for large cylindrical forgings, a new technology—electroslag remelting (ESR) for direct manufacture of hollow ingots rather than solid ingots has been developed. The main features of the process include a T-shaped current supplying mould (CSM), double power supply, an ingot withdrawing system, a metal level automatic control system based on a level sensor using the electromagnetic eddy current method, and the exchange of a consumable multi-electrode. ANSYS software was used to calculate the fluid flow and heat transfer in the slag bath and metal pool of this ESR hollow ingot process with its T-shaped CSM. The mathematical model was verified by measuring the geometry of the liquid metal pool as observed in the macrostructure of 650 mm (external diameter)/450 mm (internal diameter) hollow ingots by sulphur print method: the observed shape and depth of the slag bath were consistent with the simulated results. Simulation of the ESR process can improve understanding of the process and allow better operating parameters to be selected.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 192-199 [
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200
Wei SHEN,Sheng-li WU,Ming-yin KOU,Kai-ping DU,Ying SUN
Establishment of a Static Model Based on Measured Heat Loss for COREX Process
The heat loss and its distribution are of great importance for the calculation and simulation of COREX process. Based on Baosteel COREX process, a method was applied to measure the heat loss of the furnace shell, the accessory equipments and the cooling water system. Then, a static model was established based on the measured heat loss of COREX process. The results showed that the main heat loss of furnace shells took place at the dome of the COREX melter-gasifier and the reducing gas entrance position of the shaft furnace while the main heat loss caused by cooling water occurred at the tap hole area. And the heat loss caused by cooling water accounts for about 85% of the total heat loss in COREX process. The measured total heat loss for producing every 1 t hot metal was 542.164 MJ, which accounted for about 92% of the theoretical total heat loss.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 200-206 [
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207
Hui ZHANG,Yi FAN,,Ming-lin WANG,Hong-biao TAO
Effect of Solute Elements and Cooling Rate on Strain in Brittle Temperature Range of Continuously Cast Strand
A micro-segregation model of solute elements in mushy zone with δ/γ transformation during solidification was established based on the regular hexagon transverse cross section of dendrite shape proposed by finite difference method under the non-equilibrium solidification condition. The model was used to calculate the non-equilibrium pseudo binary Fe-C phase diagram and the strain of steels induced by variation of temperature in brittle temperature range. On the basis of the phase diagram and the strain, the strain curve in brittle temperature range as a function of carbon content for continuously cast strand was introduced and obtained. Solute elements change the position of the strain curve. And cooling rate changes the position and the shape of the strain curve. The comprehensive formula of the strain as functions of solute elements and cooling rate in brittle temperature range has been obtained by nonlinear fitting program.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 207-212 [
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213
Fang ZHANG,,Sheng-li AN,,Yi-ci WANG,,Guo-ping LUO,Xiao-long SONG
Thermodynamic Analysis of Formation of Fluoride from Gangue in Bayan Obo Iron Concentrate Containing Fluorite
In order to fill up the deficiency of the theoretical basis about fluoride formation during Bayan Obo iron concentrate roasting process, the thermodynamic conditions of the interactivity between the components of the gangue and calcium fluorite were studied by means of thermodynamic calculation, DTA-TG thermal analysis and XRD characterization. The results revealed that KF, NaF and SiF4 (gaseous) could be formed during the roasting process, and the tendency of the generation of KF is greater than that of NaF or SiF4 in standard state. Besides, the results of roasting experiments showed that the products of KCaCO3F and KCaF3 formed in the temperature range of 800-1250 ℃ and KF appears when the roasting temperature was higher than 1250 ℃ in K2O-CaF2 system. For the Na2O-CaF2 system, the product of NaF appears at temperature higher than 1050 ℃. The formation reaction of gaseous SiF4 with solid phase CaO·SiO2 in SiO2-CaF2 system took place only at temperature higher than 1150 ℃. In the natural potash feldspar-CaF2-CaO system, the fluorination reaction products involved KF at temperature higher than 1270 ℃, while in the natural aegirine-CaF2-CaO system, NaF formed at temperature higher than 980 ℃ during roasting process.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 213-218 [
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219
Lei GAN,,Hai-feng WANG,Xiu-ping LI,Yuan-hong QI,Chun-xia ZHANG
Strength Activity Index of Air Quenched Basic Oxygen Furnace Steel Slag
Air quenched basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOF-SS) is processed at very high cooling rate, which is expected to have different cementitious properties from conventional slowly cooled BOF-SS. For this purpose, the strength activity indexes of air quenched and slowly cooled BOF-SS are investigated. The results reveal that, under the specific surface area (S) of 490 m2/kg, the compressive strength activity index reaches 1.24 after 28 days with replacement of 15% air quenched BOF-SS and reaches 1.05 after 28 days with replacement of 20% air quenched BOF-SS and 30% granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). The cementitious activity of air quenched BOF-SS is obviously higher than that of slowly cooled BOF-SS, mainly because it contains more C3S and glassy phases.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 219-225 [
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226
Guang-yu MA,,Wen-qiang SUN,Wei-dong LI,Zhu YE,Jiu-ju CAI
Multi-boiler System Optimization in Integrated Steelworks Based on Decomposition and Coordination Method
As for the existing problems of boilers in integrated steelworks, the multi-boiler system could be quantitatively optimized with the decomposition and coordination method. Then, case studies were carried out based on the data of an integrated steelworks. Two groups of actual production records were contrastively analyzed, and the calculation results from the optimized program of these two groups indicated that for groups 1 and 2, the costs fall by 5.06% and 3.79% and the fuel consumptions decrease by 2.72% and 1.45%, respectively, compared with the actual data. To analyze the cost and fuel consumption change under the same condition of total load demand, assigned fuel consumption and water temperature, five sets of data were selected for further analysis. It was shown that the total cost and fuel consumption of the optimized program could fall by 3.5% and 1.6% respectively, compared with the actual production records. The optimal allocation significantly contributed to energy conservation and cost reduction. The effects of the system energy conservation cannot be realized by single equipment energy conservation. They were complementary to each other, and should be put on the same stage.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 226-231 [
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232
Yang YU,Chang WANG,Lin WANG,Jin CHEN,Ya-jun HUI,Chang-ku SUN
Combination Effect of Si and P on Tertiary Scale Characteristic of Hot Rolled Strip
For high strength interstitial free (IF) steel containing P element, the salt and pepper (SP) defects exist on the strip surface and could not be eliminated effectively by optimizing the hot rolling process, such as temperature and cooling water. The combination effect of Si and P on the characteristic of tertiary scale has been studied comprehensively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and the concept is proposed firstly that Si and P are of combination effect which can be utilized to eliminate the SP defect. The results show that the SP defects were induced by the rolled-in scale during finish rolling. P can be enriched at the interface between substrate and tertiary scale, which is easy to decrease the adhesion of tertiary scale. However, Si enrichment at the interface between substrate and tertiary scale can increase the adhesion. The SP defects can be eliminated completely, which is attributed to the accompanying enrichment of Si and P.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 232-237 [
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Material
238
Xiao-jiang LIU,Yong-quan HE,Guang-ming CAO,Tao JIA,Teng-zhi WU,Zhen-yu LIU
Effect of Si Content and Temperature on Oxidation Resistance of Fe-Si Alloys
Hot-rolled Fe-(0.75-2.20)Si (mass%) alloys were oxidized in dry air at 600-1200 ℃. The oxidation process was carried out by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). At 600-1150 ℃, oxidation gain curves were approximately parabolic. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was applied to investigate cross-section morphology of oxide layer and element distribution across the layer. At lower temperature of 700 ℃, the oxide layer consisted of internal oxidation zone (IOZ), inner Si-rich layer (conglomerate of fayalite and magnetite) and outer hematite layer, while at higher temperature of 1200 ℃, fayalite and wustite were observed in external oxide scale. Liquidus temperature of fayalite was detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Through comparing the oxidation mass gain and parabolic rate constant of the alloys, it was found that oxidation resistance of Fe-Si alloy was enhanced by increasing Si content below 1150 ℃ while increasing Si content of the alloy resulted in higher oxidation rate above 1150 ℃ owing to the liquid fayalite formation.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 238-244 [
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245
Qiu-xiang LIU,De-ping LU,Lei LU,Qiang HU,Qing-feng FU,Zhe ZHOU
Effect of Mischmetal on As-cast Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of M2 High Speed Steel
High speed steel has been widely used in various fields due to their excellent red hardness and good wear resistance. However, the influence of mischmetal (Ce-La) on the as-cast microstructures and mechanical properties of high speed steel has rarely been reported. Thus, the microstructure and mechanical properties of M2 high speed steel with addition of mischmetal (Ce-La) were investigated. The morphology and distribution of the eutectic carbides of the steel were observed by using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the impact toughness and bending strength were tested. The results show that adding mischmetal has an obvious effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of M2 high speed steel. The coarse eutectic structure is refined, the weak connection of the carbide networks is broken and the flake carbides become short and fine. More networks of eutectic carbides dissolve into the matrix. When a suitable adding content of mischmetal is selected, for example, 0.3 mass%, the impact strength and bending strength can increase by 27% and 10.76% compared with that without mischmetal, respectively.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 245-249 [
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250
Zheng-fei HU,Da-hai HE,Fan MO
Carbides Evolution in 12Cr Martensitic Heat-resistant Steel with Life Depletion for Long-term Service
Evaluating the residual life of exposed components in power industry is a very important procedure in routine examination. The microstructures of a series of X20CrMoV12.1 martensitic superheater tube samples in a boiler in different service periods were investigated extensively to extract a quantitative relationship. During long-term service from start to rupture, hardness decreased monotonically with life depletion, and the decrease of hardness in prior austenite grain boundary was steeper than that in the matrix. Microstructure observation showed obvious damage characteristics, including carbide coarsening and martensite decomposing, and the martensite structure decomposed completely in rupture state. The morphology, distribution and composition of the main precipitates M23C6 varied distinctly. The aspect ratio of coarsened carbides along grain boundary increased several fold with respect to their original size. The composition of coarsened M23C6 carbide shows the most regular trend of Cr enrichment and the statistical result of Cr enrichment in M23C6 shows a linear correlation between the ratio of Cr to Fe and service time to the power of 3/2, which may be considered as an index of material degradation due to long-term service exposure.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 250-255 [
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256
Hong-yang LI,,Yan-jing ZHANG,Wen-jun ZHAO,Zhi-fei GU,Xian-chao LI,Jin-long MA
Macro and Micro Behaviors of Low Alloyed TRIP780 Steel with Different Biaxial Proportional Loading
To investigate the macro and micro behaviors of TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) steel under biaxial loading, experiment and finite element simulation were carried out for TRIP780 steel under proportional biaxial tension with displacement ratio of 1∶1, 2∶1, 3∶1 and 4∶1, respectively. The results show that cruciform specimens of TRIP780 steel fractured under proportional biaxial stretching when effective strain was about 1.5%, and fracture was always generated on the cross arm or cross links. During biaxial tension, stress and strain components in x and y directions of the center of the samples have the same nonlinear developing tendency, decreasing in one direction and increasing in another direction. Equal biaxial stretching stress state was helpful for retained austenite-martensite transformation than the other biaxial stress state. With increasing displacement ratio (DR) from 1∶1 to 4∶1, corresponding stress distributed unevenly on the yield ellipse from 30° to 60° in the first quadrant of stress space and corresponding retained austenite volume fraction distributed symmetrically in bow tie format.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 256-263 [
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264
Shi-li ZHU,,Hua-zhen CAO,Jian-song YE,Wen-hao HU,Guo-qu ZHENG
Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Medium Carbon Cr-Ni-Mo-Nb Steel during Hot Deformation
Hot compression deformation behaviors of medium carbon Cr-Ni-Mo-Nb steel were investigated at deformation temperatures ranging from 1223 to 1423 K and strain rates of 0.1, 1 and 5 s-1. Dynamic recovery (DRV) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) were observed during the hot compression deformation. For all of the samples, DRX occurred at deformation temperatures above 1323 K at different strain rates, while below 1223 K, no DRX was observed. The activation energy of the tested steel was determined as 386.06 kJ/mol. The ratio of critical stress to peak stress and the ratio of critical strain to peak strain were 0.835 and 0.37, respectively. Kinetic equations interpreting the DRX behavior of the tested steel were proposed, and the corresponding parameters including the volume fraction and the average grain size were determined. Moreover, the microstructures induced under different deformation conditions were analyzed.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 264-271 [
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272
Bin ZENG,,Zhao-dong LI,Xin-jun SUN,Qi-long YONG,Yu-qing WENG
A Novel Low-cost Hot Rolled High Strength Steel for an Automatic Teller Machine
A novel hot rolled steel LG600A with the tensile strength exceeding 700 MPa was developed for automatic teller machine application. The low-cost C-Mn steel was microalloyed with 0.08 mass%-0.12 mass% Ti rather than noble alloying elements, such as Nb, V, Mo, and Cu, etc. The novel steel had a good surface quality and welding property. After the hot rolled steel coils were leveled, the steel plates, the length of which was even down to 1500 mm, had an excellent flatness. The effects of hot rolling parameters on mechanical performance, microstructure and recrystallization behavior were studied. The metallurgical concept for the steel production was also discussed. The result shows that decreasing the finish rolling temperature, increasing cooling rate in the first cooling stage and decreasing the cooling rate in the last cooling stage, together with coiling at a modestly high coiling temperature all resulted in the refined grains and TiC precipitates, thereby improving the strength and toughness of this new steel greatly.
2015 Vol. 22 (3): 272-278 [
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