钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2015年 22卷 12期
刊出日期：2015-12-15
Material
Metallurgy and Metal Working
Metallurgy and Metal Working
1069
Wen YANG,,Ying ZHANG,Lifeng ZHANG,,Haojian DUAN,Li WANG
Population Evolution of Oxide Inclusions in Tistabilized Ultralow Carbon Steels after Deoxidation
Population density function (PDF), which can eliminate the arbitrariness caused by the choice of the number and the size of bins compared to the wellused histograms, was introduced to analyze the amount of inclusions. The population evolution of oxide inclusions in forms of PDF in Tistabilized ultralow carbon steels after deoxidation during industrial RH refining and continuous casting processes was analyzed using an automated SEMEDS system. It was found that after deoxidation till the early stage of casting, the alumina inclusions exhibited a lognormal PDF distribution, and three factors including the existence of a large amount of alumina clusters, the generation of alumina from the reduction of AlTiO inclusions and the reoxidation of molten steel were estimated as the reasons. The shape parameter σ was high after deoxidation and then decreased after Ti treatment, indicating that in a short period after deoxidation, the size of alumina inclusions was widely distributed. After Ti treatment, the distribution of inclusion size was more concentrated. The scale parameter m decreased with time during the whole refining process, indicating that the proportion of large inclusions decreased during refining. Contrarily, the AlTiO inclusions presented a fractal PDF distribution except at the end of casting with fractal dimension D of 43, and the constant of proportionality C decreased with time during RH refining and increased during casting process. The reoxidation of steel by slag entrapped from ladle was considered as the reason for the lognormal PDF behavior of AlTiO inclusions at the end of casting.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1069-1077 [
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1078
Wenlong ZHAN,,Keng WU,Zhijun HE,Qihang LIU,Xiaojuan WU
Estimation of Energy Consumption in COREX Process Using a Modified Rist Operating Diagram
Fuel consumption in the COREX3000 process run in Baosteel is currently higher than the design index. Therefore, mass and heat balance equations for the COREX process were established using the basic principles included in the Rist operating diagram for blast furnace (BF) as a reference. Thermodynamic calculations were then used to modify the Rist operating diagram so that it was suitable for the COREX process. The modified Rist operating diagram was then applied for the evaluation of metallization rate (MR) and fuel structure to reduce the energy consumption in the COREX process. The modified Rist operating diagram for the shaft furnace (SF) provided a nearly ideal value for the restriction point W when the metallization rate was increased, while the point P on the operating line for the melter gasifier (MG) moved upward due to reduction in the heat required in hearth. The feasibility of reducing the energy consumption during the COREX process by changing the fuel structure was also demonstrated.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1078-1084 [
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1085
Xiangning MENG,Rengan LIN,Jie YANG,Xiaojing ZUO,Miaoyong ZHU
Analysis on Initial Defects Based on Mechanical State of Meniscus Shell
The meniscus shell plays an important role in slab quality and process operation for continuously cast steel. One decisive reason is initial solidifying shell and growing dendrite under the mechanical stress caused by mold oscillation and liquid steel flow to generate disturbance of casting. The mechanical state of meniscus shell was analyzed using mathematical models in combination with thermophysical properties and flow rate of steel to shed light on the formation of initial defects. The results show that the mold oscillation is a critical factor on the initial crack formation because the periodic stress makes the shell bending. The formed crack may also expand and propagate due to the following secondary cooling and straightening behavior. The primary dendrite has high possibility to be broken by fluid flow in the solidification front to lead to the nonuniform thickness of solidifying shell. The interdendrite bridging is also likely to be formed to produce other internal defects, such as air hole and solute enrichment in the residual molten steel located in the bridging area.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1085-1090 [
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1091
Jifang XU,Lijuan SU,Dong CHEN,Jieyu ZHANG,Yao CHEN
Experimental Investigation on Viscosity of CaOMgO(Al2O3)SiO2 Slags and Solidliquid Mixtures
The viscosities for the selected CaOMgOSiO2 and CaOMgOAl2O3SiO2 slags were measured by rotating cylinder method in a wide temperature range from 1608 K to 1823 K. The effects of temperature, slag basicity and Al2O3 content were studied. The results indicated that the viscosity decreased with increasing the slag basicity at the same temperature. And the viscosities of the slag initially increased linearly with increasing Al2O3 content in the slags and then decreased as the Al2O3 content in the slags continued to increase. Al2O3 addition has a more significant effect on the viscosity than slag basicity in the selected slags. Based on the experimental data and the fraction of solid phases calculated by the thermodynamic software, the effect of solid phases on slag viscosity was evaluated. The results indicated that the relationship between the relative viscosity and the volume fraction of solid phases estimated from the slag composition can be reasonable by allowing the inverse maximum fraction of solid particles to vary.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1091-1097 [
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1098
Zhiguo LUO,,Heng ZHOU,,Tao ZHANG,,Yang YOU,,Haifeng LI,,Zongshu ZOU,
DEM Simulation of Solid Flow Including Asymmetric Phenomena in COREX Shaft Furnace
Based on the principles of the discrete element method (DEM), a scaleddown model was established to analyze burden descending behavior, including asymmetric phenomena, throughout an entire COREX shaft furnace (SF). The applicability of the DEM model was validated by determining its accordance with a previous experiment. The effects of discharge rate and abnormal conditions on solid flow were described in terms of solid flow pattern and microscopic analysis. Results confirmed that the solid flow of the COREX SF can be divided into four different flow regions; the largest normal force exists at the top of the manmade dead zone, and the weak force network exists in the funnel flow region. The basic solid flow profile was identified as a clear Flat→U→W type. Increasing the discharge rate decreased the quasistagnant zone size, but did not affect the macroscopic motion of particles or the shape of patterns above the bustle. For asymmetric conditions, in which particles were discharged at different rates, the solid flow patterns were asymmetric. Under an abnormal condition where no particles were discharged from the left outlet, a sizeable stagnant zone was formed opposite to the working outlet, and “motionless” particles located in the left stagnant zone showed potential to increase the period of static contacts and sticking effect.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1098-1106 [
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1107
Xuling CHEN,Yunsong HUANG,Min GAN,Xiaohui FAN,Zhiyuan YU,Lishun YUAN
Effect of H2O(g) Content in Circulating Flue Gas on Iron Ore Sintering with Flue Gas Recirculation
The influence of H2O (g) content in circulating flue gas on sintering was studied by simulating the flue gas circulating sintering. The results show that the burning speed of solid fuel and the heat transfer rate during sintering process are improved when the H2O (g) content increases from 0 to 6%, which accelerates the sintering speed. However, when the H2O (g) content exceeds 6%, the overwet zone in sinter bed is thickened, which deteriorates the permeability of sintering bed. In addition, the magnetite content in sinter increases, while the acicular calcium ferrite content decreases. Accordingly, the sinter yield and tumble index decrease with excessive H2O (g) content. To guarantee the yield and quality of sinter, the favourable H2O (g) content in circulating flue gas should be controlled to be less than 6%.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1107-1112 [
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Material
1113
Jian YANG,Shengen ZHANG,Bo LIU,Dean PAN,Chunli WU,Alex A. VOLINSKY
Effect of TiO2 on Crystallization, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Glassceramics
The effect of TiO2 addition to the stainless steel slag glassceramics was studied. Different mass percentages of TiO2 were added to four samples of the parent glass made from stainless steel slag and cullet. The temperatures of nucleation and crystallization were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). According to Xray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, adding TiO2 refined grains and restricted the formation of the akermanite phase by capturing Ca2+ to form the perovskite phase. Diopside was the main crystal phase of the glassceramics. The bending strength and Vickers hardness increased with the addition of TiO2. The optimal amount of TiO2 was 7 mass%, and the highest bending strength and Vickers hardness were 1446 MPa and 626 GPa, respectively.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1113-1117 [
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1118
Qiang LI,Yuexiu QIU,,Bo LI,Dongliang ZHAO,Deen SUN,Dehui LI
Silicon Strengthened CrAlVN Coatings
CrAlVN coatings are of good intrinsic mechanical and tribological properties but lack of strength. Silicon can provide nitride coating high strength and excellent oxidation resistance. Logically, the combination of CrAlVN and Si should provide a good candidate for dry machining. The effect of silicon content on CrAlSiVN coating′s mechanical, tribological properties and oxidation resistance was investigated. The coatings were deposited on cemented tungsten carbide and Si wafer (100) substrates in an inline magnetron sputtering system. Grazing incidence Xray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron probe microanalyzer, Xray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy were employed to characterize the microstructure and chemistry. Nanoindentation and ballondisc tribotester were used in characterization of the mechanical and tribological properties. Incorporating with silicon, the CrAlVN coating was strengthened (hardness: 212 GPa up to 387 GPa); even after 2 h exposure to 700 ℃ in air, the hardness still maintains at 110 GPa.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1118-1125 [
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1126
Silian CHEN,Jun HU,,Xiaodan ZHANG,Han DONG,Wenquan CAO
High Ductility and Toughness of a Microduplex MediumMn Steel in a Large Temperature Range from -196 ℃ to 200 ℃
A mediumMn steel (02C5Mn) was processed by intercritical annealing at different temperatures (625 ℃ and 650 ℃). An ultrafinegrained microduplex structure consisting of alternating austenite and ferrite laths was developed by austenite reverse transformation (ART) during intercritical annealing after forging and hot rolling. Ultrahigh ductility with a total elongation higher than 30% was achieved in the temperature range from -196 ℃ to 200 ℃, and high impact toughness no less than 200 J at -40 ℃ was obtained. Based on the analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties, it was found that the enhanced ductility was determined by the phase transformation effect of austenite (TRIP effect), while the delayed ductile to brittle transition was controlled by austenite stability.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1126-1130 [
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1131
Qingchun LI,Lijuan LI,Guowei CHANG,Qijie ZHAI
Effects of Pulsed Current and Pulsed Magnetic Field Complex Pretreatment on Martensite Transformation of Cr5 Steel during Continuous Cooling
Carbide precipitation and martensite transformation in Cr5 steel have been observed in situ by hightemperature confocal laserscanning microscopy. In this way, the influences of pulsed current and pulsed magnetic field complex pretreatment on carbide precipitation and martensite transformation during continuous cooling have been studied. The results show that the electropulsing complex pretreatment promotes the precipitation of M7C3type carbides at high temperature, increases the start and finish temperatures of martensite transformation, and extends the phase transformation time. Martensite prefers to nucleate in the austenite with less precipitation of carbides due to the chemically homogeneous distribution of solute atoms.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1131-1137 [
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1138
Zhengwei GU,,Mengmeng L,,Guanhan LU,,Xin LI,,Hong XU,
Effect of Contact Pressure during Quenching on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Hotstamping Parts
An experimental apparatus with cooling system and pressureadjustment assembly for simulating quenching was constructed to investigate the effect of contact pressure on the microstructures and mechanical properties of hotstamping parts. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the microstructures of the asquenched parts were conducted; moreover, hardness and tensile tests were performed to measure their mechanical properties. The results indicated that contact pressure during quenching strongly affected the structures and performances of hotstamping components. An excessive low contact pressure led to insufficient martensitic transformation. The critical contact pressure for complete martensitic transformation for 40 mm 22MnB5 steel was 04 MPa when the temperature of the coolant was 20 ℃. However, in consideration of the efficiency of practical production, a contact pressure higher than 125 MPa is recommended.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1138-1143 [
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1144
Guohui ZHU,Hongbing ZHOU,Qinyi LI,Qiwei CHEN,Hairong GU,Yonggang LIU
Newly Designed CrMn Alloyed Ultrahigh Strength Steel without Boron Addition for Hotstamping Processing
A newly designed hotstamping steel alloyed by chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) without boron (B) addition was developed for automobile mass reduction. The experimental results showed the CrMn alloyed steel could be quenched to full martensite microstructure when the cooling rate was higher than 14 ℃/s. Yield strength, tensile strength and elongation of the experimental hot stamping part reached 1180 MPa, 1645 MPa and 84%, respectively. The experimental hot stamping part possessed higher tensile strength and elongation, compared with conventional hotstamping steel of 22MnB5. Furthermore, excellent processing flexibility would be obtained in this novel hotstamping steel because of its lower critical cooling rate and phase transformation temperature. The design of the composition and investigations of microstructure, mechanical properties and hotstamping processing were also studied.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1144-1148 [
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1149
Pengyan LU,Yu LIU,Huajie WU,,Gang LIU,Xiang MENG,Yang XU
Fatigue Performance of Microalloyed Highstrength Rebar and Analysis of Fracture Mechanism
Fatigue performance of hotrolled ribbedsteel bar with the yield strength of 500 MPa (HRB500) was studied with bendrotating fatigue test at a stress ratio of R=-1. It is determined by staircase method that its fatigue strength for 107 cycles is 451 MPa, which is higher than that of common carbon structural steel. This should be attributed to the finegrain strengthening resulting from the high content of alloy element V and ThermoMechanical Control Process (TMCP). The SN curve function is also obtained by nonlinear regression with three parameters power function. The fatigue fractures of the specimen were further analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Disperse Spectroscopy (EDS) to study the fracture mechanism. Taking into account microstructure, hardness and cleanliness of the material, it implies that the fatigue fractures of HRB500 rebar all arise from surface substrates in which many brittle inclusions are contained, and that the fatigue crack propagation is principally based on the mechanism of quasicleavage fracture, because of the intracrystalline hard spots leading to stress concentration and thus to the cracks. Moreover, the transient breaking area exhibits microvoid coalescence of ductile fracture due to the existing abundant inclusions.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1149-1155 [
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1156
Jian KANG,Jun LI,Kunyu ZHAO,Xuan BAI,Qilong YONG,Jie SU
Passivation Behaviors of Super Martensitic Stainless Steel in Weak Acidic and Weak Alkaline NaCl Solutions
The passivation behaviors of super martensitic stainless steels (SMSS) were studied by polarization curves at passive potential of -01 V and in various NaCl solutions, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Electrochemical test results showed that, in alkaline solutions, passivation region width was wider, passivation current was smaller, and polarization resistance was greater; thus, the passive film of SMSS in alkaline solutions had better passivation behaviors than that in acidic solutions. The polarization curve and EIS of samples SMSS1 and SMSS2 were also used to study which sample had better passivation behaviors. All results demonstrated that passive film structure of SMSS1 sample was more stable, and capacity of passive film was enhanced. The impact of alloying elements on the passive film (SMSS) passivation capability was also discussed by XPS depth profiling, and XPS depth profiling showed that the composition of the passive film was mainly composed of Feoxide and Croxide. So the passive film structures were mixed layers of Feoxide and Croxide. Fe oxidation product and Cr oxidation product would help to improve the protective property of passive film, which could promote the formation of a passive film structure more stably and densely.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1156-1163 [
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1164
Lei CAO,Zhongmin YANG,Ying CHEN,Huimin WANG,Xiaoli ZHAO
Effects of Nitrogen Content and Austenitization Temperature on Precipitation in Niobium Microalloyed Steels
The influences of nitrogen content and austenitization temperature on Nb(C,N) precipitation in niobium microalloyed steels were studied by different methods: optical microscopy, tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, physicochemical phase analysis, and smallangle Xray scattering. The results show that the strength of the steel with high nitrogen content is slightly higher than that of the steel with low nitrogen content. The increase in the nitrogen content does not result in the increase in the amount of Nb(C,N) precipitates, which mainly depends on the niobium content in the steel. The mass fraction of smallsized Nb(C,N) precipitates (1-10 nm) in the steel with high nitrogen content is less than that in the steel with low nitrogen content. After austenitized at 1150 ℃, a number of large cuboidal and needleshaped particles are detected in the steel with high nitrogen content, whereas they dissolve after austenitized at 1200 ℃ and the Nb(C,N) precipitates become finer in both steels. Furthermore, the results also show that part of the nitrogen in steel involves the formation of alloyed cementite.
2015 Vol. 22 (12): 1164-1173 [
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