钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2017年 24卷 1期
刊出日期：2017-01-15
1
Yong-hui Park,Kyutae Park,Sung-yeun Won,Wan-kee Hong,Hyun-chul Park
Stress analysis model of strip winding system with a sleeve for a coil of thin stainless steel
In a strip winding process, the sleeve is a hollow cylinder that is mounted between a strip coil and a mandrel to maintain uniform coil shape when the strip coil is very thin, but its deformation behavior has not been investigated before. Thus, a finite element (FE) model was presented to calculate the stress distribution in a sleeve and strip coil when 1-3 mm-thick stainless steel was wound around the sleeve. The FE model was developed by extending a previous model by adding a sleeve between the mandrel and strip, and by modifying the boundary and interaction conditions. The strip winding process was divided into an initial process and a steady-state process. During the initial process, the minimum and maximum pressure required on the belt wrapper to maintain coil shape by self-friction of the strip was calculated by the FE model when the belt wrapper is ejected at the end of the initial process. After the initial process, an analytical model of the steady-state process was established to calculate the stress distribution and was compared with the FE model to validate it. The suggested analytical model took 11 s to give the same stress distribution that the FE model took 30 d to produce.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 1-7 [
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Chong Zou,*,Liang-ying Wen,Jun-xue Zhao,Rui-meng Shi
Interaction mechanism between coal combustion products and coke in raceway of blast furnaces
The interaction mechanism between the combustion products of pulverized coal injected and coke in the raceway of blast furnace was studied through thermodynamic calculation and experiments. The results indicated that additives significantly affected the melting property of coal ash in high temperature zone. Although the unburnt char, raw coal ash, and catalyzed coal ash failed to wet the coke surface, the wettability of the catalyzed coal ash on the coke was greater than that of the raw coal ash. Since the unburnt char had weak reaction with the coke surface, it showed little influence on the surface morphology of the coke. The interaction between the raw coal ash and the coke gave rise to the increase in the pore size on the coke surface. However, the raw coal ash only affected the coke surface and the entrances of the pores owing to its poor fluidity. After being melted, the catalyzed coal ash was expected to immerge into the inside part of the coke and then react with the coke, resulting in an expansion and increase of coke cavities. The raw coal ash and the unburnt char reduced the coke reactivity, while the catalyzed coal ash improved the coke reactivity. Thereinto, the coal ash containing Fe2O3 exhibited a larger influence on the reactivity than that containing CaO.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 8-17 [
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18
Zi-long Qiu,Zhi-guo Luo,*,Heng Zhou,Ren Chen,Feng Wang,Zong-shu Zou
Effect of screw casing structure on descending of burdens in COREX shaft furnace
COREX shaft furnace (SF) is a typical screw feeder with a storage container coupled with eight screw casings and screws. The structure of screw casing plays an important role in the moving behavior of burdens, stress distribution, abrasive wear of screws, and energy consumption during the operation of SF. Therefore, a three-dimensional semi-cylindrical model of actual size of COREX-3000 SF was established based on discrete element method to investigate the influences of screw casing structure. The results show that the increase in the gap between the outside of screw flight and screw casing is beneficial for the smooth operation of SF, resulting in uniform descending velocity along the radius of SF in the lower part, decreasing the size of recirculation region, and alleviating stress concentration in the screw casing. Moreover, raising the gap appropriately is also beneficial to weaken screw abrasive wear, decrease energy consumption, and then prolong the service life of the screws. However, enlarging the gap also leads to more undesired high temperature reduction gas into the SF from melter gasifier, thereby deteriorating the operation of SF. Thus, an ideal distance exists between the outside of the screw flight and the screw casing, which is suggested to be equal to the average of particle diameter.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 18-26 [
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Hui-qing Tang*,Xiu-feng Fu,Yan-qi Qin,Shi-yu Zhao,Qing-guo Xue
Production of low-silicon molten iron from high-silica hematite using biochar
A new method of utilizing high-silica hematite to produce low-silicon molten iron was proposed. In this method, FASTMELT, which comprised direct reduction and melt separation processes, was applied, with highly reactive biochar as the reductant in the direct reduction stage. The proposed method was experimentally investigated and the results show that the method is feasible. In the direct reduction stage, ore-char briquette could achieve a metallization rate of 84%-88% and residual carbon of 0.27-0.89 mass% at temperature of 1373 K, biochar mixing ratio of 0.8-0.9, and reduction time of 15 min. Some silica particles remained embedded in the iron phase after the reduction. In the melting separation stage, molten iron with a carbon content of 0.02-0.03 mass% and silicon content of 0.02-0.18 mass% could be obtained from the metallic briquettes under the above-mentioned conditions; the iron recovery rate was 83%-91% and impurities in the obtained metal were negligible.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 27-33 [
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34
Wei Li,Gui-qin Fu,Man-sheng Chu,Miao-yong Zhu*
Reduction behavior and mechanism of Hongge vanadium titanomagnetite pellets by gas mixture of H2 and CO
Hongge vanadium titanomagnetite (HVTM) pellets were reduced by H2-CO gas mixture for simulating the reduction processes of Midrex and HYL-III shaft furnaces. The influences of reduction temperature, ratio of φ(H2) to φ(CO), and pellet size on the reduction of HVTM pellets were evaluated in detail and the reduction reaction kinetics was investigated. The results show that both the reduction degree and reduction rate can be improved with increasing the reduction temperature and the H2 content as well as decreasing the pellet size. The rational reduction parameters are reduction temperature of 1050°C, ratio of φ(H2) to φ(CO) of 2.5, and pellet diameter in the range of 8-11 mm. Under these conditions (pellet diameter of 11 mm), final reduction degree of 95.51% is achieved. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows that the main phases of final reduced pellets under these conditions (pellet diameter of 11 mm) are reduced iron and rutile. The peak intensity of reduced iron increases obviously with the increase in the reduction temperature. Besides, relatively high reduction temperature promotes the migration and coarsening of metallic iron particles and improves the distribution of vanadium and chromium in the reduced iron, which is conducive to subsequent melting separation. At the early stage, the reduction process is controlled by interfacial chemical reaction and the apparent activation energy is 60.78 kJ/mol. The reduction process is controlled by both interfacial chemical reaction and internal diffusion at the final stage, and the apparent activation energy is 30.54 kJ/mol.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 34-42 [
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43
Xue-feng Zhou,*,Di Liu,Wang-long Zhu,Feng Fang,Yi-you Tu,Jian-qing Jiang
Morphology, microstructure and decomposition behavior of M2C carbides in high speed steel
The morphology, microstructure and decomposition behavior of M2C carbides in high speed steels with different chemical compositions have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the morphology and substructure of M2C carbides are very sensitive to chemical compositions of high speed steels. M2C carbides present the plate-like shape in tungsten-molybdenum steel and present the polycrystal orientation in the eutectic cell. In contrast, they show the fibrous shape in molybdenum-base steel and exhibit the monocrystal orientation. Plate-like and fibrous M2C carbides are both metastable and decompose into M6C together with MC at high temperatures. MC nucleates inside the plate-like M2C while it is formed at the fibrous M2C/matrix interface during the decomposition process. Such differences are expected to arise from different compositions of plate-like and fibrous M2C carbides.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 43-49 [
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Dian-chen Feng,,Hao Sun,Zhong-hui Hou,,Dong-liang Zhao,Xi-tao Wang,Yang-huan Zhang,,*
Highly ameliorated gaseous and electrochemical hydrogen storage dynamics of nanocrystalline and amorphous LaMg12-type alloys prepared by mechanical milling
Nanocrystalline and amorphous LaMg12-type alloy-Ni composites with a nominal composition of LaMg11Ni+x wt.% Ni (x=100, 200) were synthesized via ball milling. The influences of ball milling duration and Ni adding amount x on the gaseous and electrochemical hydrogen storage dynamics of the alloys were systematically studied. Gaseous hydrogen storage performances were studied by a differential scanning calorimeter and a Sievert apparatus. The dehydrogenation activation energy of the alloy hydrides was evaluated by Kissinger method. The electrochemical hydrogen storage dynamics of the alloys was investigated by an automatic galvanostatic system. The H atom diffusion and apparent activation enthalpy of the alloys were calculated. The results demonstrate that a variation in Ni content remarkably enhances the gaseous and electrochemical hydrogen storage dynamics performance of the alloys. The gaseous hydriding rate and high-rate discharge (HRD) ability of the alloys exhibit maximum values with varying milling duration. However, the dehydriding kinetics of the alloys is always accelerated by prolonging milling duration. Specifically, rising milling time from 5 to 60 h makes the hydrogen desorption ratio (a ratio of the dehydrogenation amount in 20 min to the saturated hydrogenation amount) increase from 57% to 66% for x=100 alloy and from 57% to 70% for x=200. Moreover, the improvement of gaseous hydrogen storage kinetics is attributed to the descending of dehydrogenation activation energy caused by the prolonging of milling duration and growing of Ni content.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 50-58 [
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59
Hua Zhang,Yan-xin Wu,Jian-xun Fu*,Jie Xu,Qi-jie Zhai
Influence of on-line tempering parameters on microstructure of medium-carbon steel
A new process involving ultra-fast cooling (UFC) and on-line tempering (OLT) was proposed to displace austempering process, which usually implements in a salt/lead bath and brings out serious pollution in the industrial application. The optimization of the new process, involving the evolution of the microstructure of medium-carbon steel during various cooling paths, was studied. The results show that the cooling path affected the final microstructure in terms of the fraction of pearlite, grain size and distribution of cementite in pearlite. Increasing the cooling rate or decreasing the OLT temperature contributes to restraining the transformation from austenite to ferrite, and simultaneously retains more austenite for the transformation of pearlite. It is also noted that bainite was observed in the microstructure at the cooling rate of 45°C/s and the OLT temperature of 500°C. Through either increasing the cooling rate or decreasing the OLT temperature, the distribution of cementite in pearlite is more dispersed and grain is refined. Taking the possibility of industrial applications into account, the optimal process of cooling at 45°C/s followed by OLT at 600°C after hot rolling was determined, which achieves a microstructure containing nearly full pearlite with an average grain size of approximately 7 μm and a homogeneously dispersed distribution of cementite in pearlite.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 59-66 [
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Jiang-li Ning*,Yun-li Feng,Ming-ming Wang,Shen-bai Zheng,Jie Li
Dependence of tensile properties on microstructural features of bimodal-sized ferrite/cementite steels
A medium-carbon steel was processed through different warm rolling techniques, and the microstructural features with bimodal grain size distribution were found to be different. The combination of strength and ductility was ameliorated in the steel processed through warm rolling characterized by biaxial reduction. The enhanced strength is attributed to the densely distributed fine intragranular cementite particles and the small grain size in the coarse grain regions. The enhanced uniform elongation is due to the improved work hardening behavior at the large-strain stage. This work hardening behavior is predominantly ascribed to the finely dispersed intragranular particles. The relatively small grain size with nearly equiaxed shape in the coarse grain regions helps stabilize the uniform deformation to a large strain.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 67-76 [
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Liu-zhen Bian,Zhi-yuan Chen,,Li-jun Wang,*,Fu-shen Li,Kuo-chih Chou
Oxidation resistance, thermal expansion and area specific resistance of Fe-Cr alloy interconnector for solid oxide fuel cell
It is promising for metal especially ferritic stainless steel (FSS) to be used as interconnector when the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is operated at temperature lower than 800 °C. However, there are many challenges for FSS such as anti-oxidant, poisoning to cathode and high area specific resistance (ASR) when using as SOFC interconnector. The effect of Cr content (12-30 mass%) in Fe-Cr alloys on thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), oxidation resistance, microstructure of oxidation scale and ASR was investigated by thermo-gravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and four-probe DC technique. The TEC of Fe-Cr alloys is (11-13)×10-6 K-1, which excellently matches with other SOFC components. Alloys have excellent oxidation resistance when Cr content exceeds 22 mass% because of the formation of chromium on the surface of alloy. The oxidation rate constants kd and ks decrease rapidly with increasing the Cr content and then increase slowly when the Cr content is higher than 22 mass%. The kinetic results indicate that Cr evaporation must be considered at high temperature for Fe-Cr alloys. After the alloys were oxidized in air at 800°C for 500 h, log(ASR/T) (T is the absolute temperature) presents linear relationship with 1/T and the conduct activation energy is 0.6-0.8 eV (Cr16-30). Optimal Cr content is 22-26 mass% considering the oxidation resistance and ASR.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 77-83 [
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Dong-dong Zhuang,*,Lei-gang Wang,Yao Huang,Xiao-min Li,Hua-yang Zhang,De-wei Ren
Microstructure and texture evolution during recrystallization of low-carbon steel sheets
Aluminum killed low-carbon steel sheets were cold rolled at different reduction ratios and annealed using different temperatures and holding time. The Vickers hardness was examined. The results show that when cold rolling reduction ratios increase from 40% to 81%, recrystallization temperatures decrease from 602°C to 572°C during 4 h isochronal annealing, as well recrystallization holding time decreases from 117 min to 5 min during isothermal annealing at 610°C. All recrystallization temperatures and holding time can be calculated using the annealing experiment results. Microstructure was examined through electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The results show that as rolling direction preferentially grows, equiaxed grains grow into cake-type during recrystallization. Cake-type grains are more beneficial to obtaining ideal <111>//ND (normal direcrtion) orientation texture. {111} orientation grains nucleate and grow up preferentially. Deformation grains of {111}<110> orientations grow into new recrystallization grains of {111}<123> and {111}<112> during recrystallization. Texture formation can be explained by directional nucleation.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 84-90 [
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Si-qian Bao,,*,Yang Xu,Gang Zhao,,Xiang-bin Huang,Huan Xiao,Chuan-long Ye, Na-na Song,Qing-ming Chang
Microstructure, texture and precipitates of grain-oriented silicon steel produced by thin slab casting and rolling process
A grain-oriented silicon steel strip with AlN as main inhibitor was produced by thin slab casting and rolling (TSCR) process. The microstructure, texture and precipitates of the hot-rolled strip were investigated by use of optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffractometer, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). The result shows that the microstructure and texture exhibit a through-thickness gradient similar to that of the hot-rolled strip produced by conventional high-temperature slab-reheating process; the preferred orientation varies from {110}<001> in the surface layer to {001}<110> in the center layer, and the Goss texture with a maximum intensity mainly concentrates on the surface layer. In addition, some other texture components, for example rotated Goss texture, form in the 1/4 thickness layer, which are not observed in the hot-rolled strip produced by conventional high-temperature slab-reheating process. The precipitates in the hot-rolled strip are mainly (Mn,Cu)S and AlN compound particles with dimension of 100-200 nm, and the fine precipitates are significantly less than that in the hot-rolled strip produced by conventional high-temperature slab-reheating process. Moreover, the areal density of the fine precipitates in the center layer is more than that in the surface layer.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 91-96 [
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Xin-sheng Wang,Zhen-lin Lu*,Lei Jia,Jiang-xian Chen
Preparation of porous titanium materials by powder sintering process and use of space holder technique
It is shown that an adapted powder sintering process can successfully prepare a 24.0%-35.5% porous titanium composite using 20 μm Ti powder and rice husk particles ranging in size between 250 μm and 600 μm. The phase constituents of the porous Ti composite samples were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern sintered at 1250°C. The generation of silicon in the form of a TiSi2 solid solution, injected into the substrate, illustrates the solid solution strengthening effect. The average grain size of the tested sample and the grain boundary area increase along with the silicon content. This indicates that silicon is dispersed within the green compact of Ti. As the distance from a hole becomes greater, the nanohardness increases until it reaches a maximum hardness of 3.5 GPa at approximately 1.5 mm. This may be due to the solid solution strengthening of SiO2. However, nanohardness is 3.3 GPa at a distance of approximately 0.5 mm from a hole’s edge. The compressive strength is measured to be in the range of 440-938 MPa. The strain reaches 14.8%-16.6% under compression testing. A large number of cleavage steps appear following a fracture. The observed fracture is a brittle fracture. Porous Ti composites with about 36% porosity have promising potential biomaterial applications, specifically related to bone implants and biological bearings.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 97-102 [
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Ji-chun Yang,Xiang-jun Liu,Gui-xiao Jia*,Xiao-yang Fu
A first-principles study on electronic structures and elastic properties of metal doped α-Fe(N) high nitrogen steel
The binding energies, electronic structures and elastic properties of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Mg doped α-Fe(N) systems have been investigated using a first-principles method. The calculated results show that the dopings of Ti, V, Cr and Co improve the stability of α-Fe(N), and the stability of α-Fe(N) is slightly weakened by Mn and Ni, and the doping of Mg is disadvantageous. For Ti, V, Cr and Mn doped α-Fe(N) systems in which the doping metals are on the left side of Fe in the element periodic table and α-Fe(N) systems doped by Co and Ni on the right side of Fe, their corresponding cohesive forces decrease with decreasing atomic radius of the doping species. The obvious interaction exists among M3d, Fe4s3p3d and N2p. In these doping systems, metal atoms lose electrons, while N gains electrons. Dopings of Ti, V, Cr and Mn in α-Fe(N) strengthen the interaction between N and the surrounding metals, and it is not apparent for the dopings of Co, Ni and Mg. Elastic calculations of Fe15MN systems show that, except for the Fe15MgN system, shear modulus G and Young modulus E of Fe15MN systems are improved, and the bulk modulus B slightly decreases, namely, total elastic properties are enhanced. The magnitude change rule of E reflecting the cohesive force between atoms is consistent with that for the binding energies.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 103-110 [
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Zheng-yun Zhang,Jian-chun Cao,*,Zhong-hua Zhong,Xiao-long Zhou,Wei Chen,Yin-hui Yang
Tensile deformation behavior of high strength anti-seismic steel with multi-phase microstructure
To investigate the tensile deformation behavior of high strength anti-seismic steel with multi-phase microstructure, tensile tests with strains of 0.05, 0.12 and 0.22 were performed at room temperature. Microstructure of tested steels was observed by means of optical microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile mechanical properties of tested steels were obtained, and the influence of bainite content on deformation behavior was also discussed. Meanwhile, the deformation mechanism of steel with three kinds of microstructures of bainite, pearlite and ferrite was analyzed. Results show that tested steel with high volume fraction of bainite exhibits a continuous deformation behavior, and this may be attributed to a higher bainite volume fraction and a lower mobile dislocation density. The morphology of microstructure will influence the mechanical properties of tested steels. An increasing content of bainite can improve the tensile strength, but reduce the plasticity and toughness of the tested steels. In the deformation process of 0.039Nb steel, the ferrite and bainite have priorities to deform, and the deformation exhibits co-deformation of all microstructures in the later stage of deformation. In the deformation process of 0.024Nb-0.032V steel, the ferrite and pearlite have priorities to deform, and the deformation exhibits co-deformation of all microstructures in the later stage of deformation.
2017 Vol. 24 (1): 111-120 [
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