钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2017年 24卷 3期
刊出日期：2017-03-15
235
Hai-feng Wang,*,Chun-xia Zhang,Jun-mao Qie,,Ji-cheng Zhou,Yang Liu,Xiu-ping Li, Fang-qin Shangguan
Development trends of environmental protection technologies for Chinese steel industry
Chinese steel industry has made significant progress on reducing fresh water consumption and CO2/SO2/COD (chemical oxygen demand)/dust emissions, and improving comprehensive utilization of solid waste. Some steel companies have become topped worldwide. However, due to the large output quantity of crude steel, the whole steel industry is still a huge source of pollutants. At present, environmental protection standards are encountering challenges of lack of technical support, taxation policy and other issues. Steel industry is currently facing enormous environmental pressure. The development trends of environmental protection technologies were studied by summarizing different development stages. To realize the development targets, the industry needs to carry out its research with independent intellectual property rights, develop comprehensive management systems and establish ecological chain with other industries. This can not only raise the level of environmental protection in a broader range, but also improve the energy efficiency of iron and steel plants and increase added value of waste utilization. Finally, 23 environmental protection technologies were proposed and 4 new environmental protection practices were studied.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 235-242 [
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243
Ning-ning Lv,,Liu-shun Wu,,*,Hai-chuan Wang,,Yuan-chi Dong,Chang Su,
Size analysis of slag eye formed by gas blowing in ladle refining
The formation of slag eye in a gas stirred ladle was studied through cold models and industrial trials. In the cold model, water and sodium tungstate solution were employed to simulate liquid steel, and silicon oil was employed to simulate slag. The simulation results revealed that the gas flow rate and bath height had strong effects on the slag eye size. In particular, the thickness of slag layer played a strong role in the slag eye size. In addition, the slag eye could not be formed when the thickness of the top layer was more than 4 cm in water-silicone oil model. Besides, the section area of vessel had a great impact on the slag eye size. Industrial trials results showed a similar trend that the gas flow rate was very significant on the slag eye size. The predictions of the existing models showed larger predictions deviations compared with the experimental data. Moreover, a new model without fitting parameters was developed based on force balance and mathematical derivation, and verified by the experimental data. The new model provides the prediction with small deviations by comparing with the data acquired from cold models and industrial trials.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 243-250 [
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251
Chao Zhou,,Xing-zhong Zhang,*,Fang Wang,Ping-fei Liu,Yi-ming Fang
Mechanism analysis of non-sinusoidal oscillation of continuous casting mold synchronously driven by double servomotors
Due to the disadvantages of complexity, high maintenance and vast investment of the electro-hydraulic servo oscillator, a new mechanical device synchronously driven by double servomotors was proposed. The working principle of the non-sinusoidal oscillator was analyzed and the model of the oscillator was validated via simulation software. Then, taking advantage of resonance technology, the hinging force and moment were calculated. The results showed that the hinging force and driving moment reduced, which was useful in reducing the impact of the hinge and prolonging the service life of the bearing. Besides, the best initial spring pressure was 0.9 times the mold gravity, which improved the oscillation system stability and reduced the load fluctuation and servomotor driving power.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 251-257 [
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258
Long-hu Cao,Cheng-jun Liu*,Qing Zhao,Mao-fa Jiang
Effect of Al2O3 modification on enrichment and stabilization of chromium in stainless steel slag
Spinel phase is considered to be the optimal phase for stabilization of chromium in stainless steel slag. In order to restrain chromium leaching from slag for the effective environmental protection, Al2O3 was utilized for the modification treatment, and the effects on the enrichment and stabilization of chromium were investigated. The mineral phases and the existence state of chromium in slag with various Al2O3 contents at different basicities (wCaO/wSiO2) were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that chromium mainly existed in the glass and spinel phases at basicity of 1.0 and 1.5. As the slag basicity increased to 2.0, chromium was also found in periclase phase. Al2O3 in the stainless steel slag reacted with MgO and Cr2O3, which could generate the Al-rich Mg(CrxAl1-x)2O4 solid solution. Moreover, the addition of Al2O3 was favorable to reduce the solubility of chromium oxide in liquid phase and suppress the precipitation of periclase phase. The experimental results demonstrated that Al2O3 modification has a positive influence on the enrichment and the stabilization of chromium in the stainless steel slag.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 258-265 [
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266
Feng Chen,Yu-feng Guo*,Tao Jiang,Fu-qiang Zheng,Shuai Wang,Ling-zhi Yang
Effects of high pressure roller grinding on size distribution of vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate particles and improvement of green pellet strength
The vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate from Panxi region of China was pretreated by high pressure roller grinding (HPRG) and then used in pelletization. Size distribution change of the vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate after HPRG and the improvement of its green pellet strength were investigated. The results indicated that, besides the increase of fine particles, the vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate after HPRG had a smaller size ratio of fine particle to coarse particle of 0.126, meaning a lower porosity, compared with the size ratio of raw material of 0.157. The concentrate particles were more closely packed when there was a smaller size ratio of fine particle to coarse particle. The particle packing in the green pellets was closer after HPRG, which strengthened the green pellets with an average drop number of 5.1 (drop height of 0.5 m) and average compressive strength of 13.1 N per pellet of 11 mm in diameter.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 266-272 [
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273
Yang Liu,Xin-hua Liu*,Hua-dong Fu,Min-xuan Lou,Jian-xin Xie
Effects of process parameters on surface quality, composition segregation, microstructure and properties of QSn6.5-0.1 alloy slabs fabricated by HCCM horizontal continuous casting
Columnar-grained QSn6.5-0.1 alloy slabs with a width of 70 mm and thickness of 10 mm were fabricated by heating-cooling combined mold (HCCM) horizontal continuous casting. The effects of process parameters on solidification microstructure, surface quality, composition segregation and mechanical properties were studied. The results showed that the slabs with good surface quality, excellent mechanical properties and no obvious segregation could be prepared at the melt casting temperature of 1250°C, the heating-mold temperature of 1150-1200°C, the cooling water flow rate of 600 L/h and the casting speed of 20-80 mm/min. The slabs had the yield strength of 124-155 MPa, the elongation rate of 46.6%-56.3% and the surface roughness of 0.22-0.55 μm, which enabled them to be directly processed without subsequent milling surface. The ratio of Sn content in the surface to that in the core was 0.83-1.10, with an average value close to 1.0, and not obviously influenced by process parameters. When the casting speed increased from 20 to 80 mm/min, the grain size changed little if the other process parameters were the same. When the heating-mold temperature increased from 1150 to 1200°C, the grain size was obviously refined and became more uniform if the casting speed was the same. Within the range of the casting speed at which the columnar grain structure could be obtained, the columnar grain size was mainly influenced by the heating-mold temperature.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 273-281 [
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282
Qiang Yu,,Chao-fang Dong,*,Jian-xiong Liang,Zhen-bao Liu,Kui Xiao,Xiao-gang Li
Stress corrosion cracking behavior of PH13-8Mo stainless steel in Cl- solutions
The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of PH13-8Mo precipitation hardening stainless steel (PHSS) in neutral NaCl solutions was investigated through slow-strain-rate tensile (SSRT) test at various applied potentials. Fracture morphology, elongation ratio, and percentage reduction of area were measured to evaluate the SCC susceptibility. A critical concentration of 1.0 mol/L neutral NaCl existed for SCC of PH13-8Mo steel. Significant SCC emerged when the applied potential was more negative than -0.15 VSCE, and the SCC behavior was controlled by an anodic dissolution (AD) process. When the applied potential was lower than -0.55 VSCE, an obvious hydrogen-fracture morphology was observed, which indicated that the SCC behavior was controlled by hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC). Between -0.15 and -0.35 VSCE, the applied potential exceeded the equilibrium hydrogen evolution potential in neutral NaCl solutions and the crack tips were of electrochemical origin in the anodic region; thus, the SCC process was dominated by the AD mechanism.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 282-289 [
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290
Hui Guo,Peng Zhou,*,Ai-min Zhao,,Chao Zhi,Ran Ding,Jia-xing Wang
Effects of Mn and Cr contents on microstructures and mechanical properties of low temperature bainitic steel
The effects of Mn and Cr contents on bainitic transformation kinetics, microstructures and mechanical properties of high-carbon low alloy steels after austempered at 230, 300 and 350°C were determined by dilatometry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and tensile tests. The results showed that Mn and Cr can extend bainitic incubation period and completion time, and with the increase of Mn and Cr content, the bainitic ferrite plate thickness decreased and the volume fraction of retained austenite increased. TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) effect was observed during tensile testing which improved the overall mechanical property. The increase of Mn concentration can improve the strength to a certain extent, but reduce the ductility. The increase of Cr concentration can improve the ductility of bainitic steels which transformed at a low temperature. The low temperature bainitic steel austempered at 230°C exhibited excellent mechanical properties with ultimate tensile strength of (2146±11) MPa and total elongation of (12.95±0.15) %.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 290-295 [
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296
Yang-huan Zhang,,*,Zhong-hui Hou,,Ying Cai,Hong-wei Shang,Yan Qi,Dong-liang Zhao
Structures and electrochemical performances of as-cast and spun RE-Mg-Ni-Mn-based alloys applied to Ni-MH battery
The RE-Mg-Ni-Mn-based AB2-type La1-xCexMgNi3.5Mn0.5 (x=0-0.4) alloys were prepared by spinning treatment. For obtaining the optimum performance, the effects of Ce content and spinning rate on the hydrogen storage performance of the alloys were studied systematically. The results show that the variations of the spinning rate and Ce content result in noteworthy changes of the phase content without altering phase composition of the alloys. Specifically, the LaMgNi4 phase increases and LaNi5 phase decreases when increasing the spinning rate and Ce content. Furthermore, the crystalline grains of Ce-containing alloys prepared by spinning treatment are remarkably refined. The alloys own superior electrochemical performance. All alloys reach the optimal discharge capacity at the initial cycle. Increasing Ce content and spinning rate lead the discharge capacity and electrochemical kinetics rise to an optimal value and then start to reduce. Meanwhile, the electrochemical cycle stability is also improved, which is ascribed to the great enhancement of anti-pulverization and anti-corrosion abilities resulting from the spinning treatment and the substitution of Ce for La.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 296-305 [
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306
Nan-nan Zhang,*,Dan-yang Lin,Ya-li Li,Yue Zhang,Marie-pierre Planche,Han-lin Liao, Christian Coddet,Fu-yu Dong
In-flight particle characterization and coating formation under low pressure plasma spray condition
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings were deposited by low pressure plasma spray (LPPS) in 1.0×104 Pa, 1.5×104 Pa, and 2.5×104 Pa. Both in-flight particle diagnostic detected by DPV-2000 system and ANSYS-FLUENT software were used to study the connection between the parameters of flying particles and the coating formation, which might help to recognize the relationship between the operation parameters and the coatings quality. The results of simulation showed that particles in a lower spray pressure could achieve a higher velocity. The particle velocity was around 380 m/s at a distance of 35 cm from the nozzle at 1.0×104 Pa while only 300 m/s at 2.5×104 Pa in actual measurement. The results showed that the velocity of particles increased with decreasing the spray pressure, which might enhance the flattening rate of coatings and thereby decreased the porosity. The deposited YSZ coating with the lowest porosity can be gained under 1.0×104 Pa condition.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 306-312 [
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313
Ji-bo Peng,,Hu Jiang,,Gong-ting Zhang,Li-ben Chen,,Na-qiong Zhu,,Yan-lin He,,*, Xiao-gang Lu,,Lin Li,
In-situ analysis of retained austenite transformation in high-performance micro-alloyed TRIP steel
Microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti-V micro-alloyed TRIP (transformation-induced plasticity) steel with different compositions were investigated by tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermodynamic calculation (TC). The results indicated that the steel exhibited high ultimate tensile strength (1079 MPa), sufficient ductility (28%) and the highest product of strength and ductility (30212 MPa?%) heat treated after intercritical annealing at 800°C for 3 min and bainitic annealing at 430°C for 5 min. In addition, the change of volume fraction of retained austenite (VF-RA) versus tensile strain was measured using in-situ analysis by X-ray stress apparatus and micro-electronic universal testing machine. It was concluded that a-value could be used to evaluate the stability of retained austenite (S-RA) in the investigated Ti-V micro-alloyed TRIP steel. The smaller a-value indicated the higher stability of retained austenite (S-RA) and the higher mechanical properties of Ti-V micro-alloyed TRIP steel.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 313-320 [
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321
Lei Wang,Di Tang*,Yong Song
Prediction of mechanical behavior of ferrite-pearlite steel
A new approach describing the flow stress of ferrite-pearlite steel has been proposed, which divided the deformation process into three stages based on whether ferrite or pearlite yielded. Iso-work increment assumption was applied to describe the transfer of load between the components. The physically based model to describe ferrite was approximated with Swift′s equation in order to obtain the analytic solution. The tensile strength of ferrite-pearlite had a linear relation with pearlite volume fraction, square root reciprocal of ferrite grain size and reciprocal of pearlite interlamellar spacing. Moreover, a model to calculate the tensile strength of ferrite-pearlite steel was proposed. The predicted values of tensile strength were in good agreement with experimental results when the pearlite volume fraction was less than 20%. Considering the plastic relaxation mechanisms, the internal stress was modified with pearlite volume fraction, total strain, yield stress of ferrite and pearlite when the pearlite volume fraction was more than 20%.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 321-327 [
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328
Hui-hui Xiong,,*,Heng-hua Zhang,Hui-ning Zhang,Yang Zhou
Effects of alloying elements X (X=Zr, V, Cr, Mn, Mo, W, Nb, Y) on ferrite/TiC heterogeneous nucleation interface: first-principles study
The segregation behavior of alloying elements X (X=Zr, V, Cr, Mn, Mo, W, Nb, Y) on the ferrite(100)/TiC(100) interface has been investigated using first principles method, and the work of separation and interface energy of ferrite/TiC interfaces alloyed by these elements were also analyzed. The results indicated that all these alloying additives except Y were thermodynamically favorable because of the negative segregation energy, showing that they have the tendency to segregate to the ferrite/TiC interface. When the Fe atom in the ferrite/TiC interface is replaced by Y, Zr, or Nb, the adhesive strength of the interface will be weakened due to the lower separation work, larger interfacial energy, and weaker electron effects. However, the introduction of Cr, Mo, W, Mn and V will improve the stability of the ferrite/TiC interface through strong interaction between these elements and C, and Cr-doped interface is the most stable structure. Therefore, the Cr, Mo, W, Mn and V in ferrite side of the interface can effectively promote ferrite heterogeneous nucleation on TiC surface to form fine ferrite grain.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 328-334 [
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335
Xue-feng Peng,Jing Liu,*,Jing-tao Han,Dong-bin Wei
Effect of hot/warm roll-forming process on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of local thickened U-rib for orthotropic steel deck
To improve the strength-toughness of traditional U-rib (TUR) and solve the problem of insufficient penetration between TUR and deckplate, a new local thickened U-rib (LTUR) has been proposed to improve the fatigue resistance of the weld joint under the premise of not increasing thickness and strength of the TUR material. And a hot/warm roll-forming process (RFP) adopting partially induction heating to 700-1000°C was carried out to fabricate LTUR. The deformation behaviors in the forming process and microstructure of LTUR have been investigated. Mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of the LTUR after hot/warm RFP have been systematically discussed. Moreover, the results are compared with those obtained in cold RFP. Mechanical properties of the LTUR deformed above the critical transformation temperature (Ac3) show high performance characteristics with marked fatigue resistance and superior toughness. Upon increasing the heating temperature from 700 to 900°C, the initial coarse ferrite-pearlite structure transform into equiaxed ultrafine ferrite (1-3 μm) and precipitates such as (Nb,Ti)(C,N) are uniformly distributed in the matrix. The average dislocation density of the specimens after hot roll-forming at heating temperature of 900°C decreases dramatically compared with those of the specimens subjected to the cold RFP. Furthermore, a typical characteristic of ductile fracture mechanism and the high impact energy are more convinced that the specimens deformed above 900°C have obtained an optimal combination of strength and toughness.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 335-342 [
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Shi-lu Zhao,*,Zhen Zhang,Jun Zhang,Jian-ming Wang,Zheng-gui Zhang,Shuang-hong Wang
High temperature oxidation resistance of CrN/(Ti,Al,Zr,Cr)N bilayer films deposited by multi-arc ion plating
CrN/(Ti,Al,Zr,Cr)N bilayer films were successfully deposited on cemented carbide (WC-8%Co) substrates by multi-arc ion plating process using two Ti-Al-Zr alloy targets and one pure Cr target. As a result of bilayered structure and addition of alloying elements (e.g. Al and Cr), the films exhibited excellent high temperature oxidation resistance under both short-term isothermal (up to 800°C) and long-term cyclic (up to 600°C) exposure conditions. Combined with pre-established outstanding tribological properties (e.g. maximum hardness of 4000 HV0.01 and maximum adhesion strength over 200 N), these observations make such films quite a promising candidate to extend the cutting tool life span and boost the performance in high-productivity, high-speed and high-feed cutting or in dry machining conditions.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 343-349 [
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Rui-bin Gou,,,Wen-jiao Dan,,Wei-gang Zhang,,Min Yu,*,Chun-yu Zhang,Yin-hu Qiao, Lu Ma
Microstructure failure in ferrite-martensite dual phase steel under in-situ tensile test
To investigate microstructure failure in ferrite-martensite dual phase steel, in-situ observations were performed on multiple plate DP800 specimens during uniaxial tensile tests. Microstructure evolution of the observed region was investigated in details. The experimental data showed that micro-cracks in various regions differed in the initiation time, and micro-failures mainly occurred from the locations with typical characteristics of stress concentration (i.e. ferrite interiors, the interfaces of ferrite-martensite grains and the martensite-martensite interfaces). Growth of micro-crack generally experienced the following stages: cracking from martensite boundaries, tiny particles in ferrite interiors, or martensite interiors, propagating in ferrite, bypassing martensite boundaries, or passing through martensite-martensite interfaces, finally ending on martensite boundaries. Martensite was one important source of micro-failure and changed the propagation of micro-cracks significantly. Microstructure deformation was inhomogeneous in the stage of plastic deformation.
2017 Vol. 24 (3): 350-356 [
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