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2018年 25卷 2期
刊出日期：2018-02-15
131
Li-feng Zhang
Preface
As the demand for high-performance steels increases every year, improving steel cleanliness is a main task of steelmakers. Nonmetallic inclusions in steel have a detrimental effect
on the performance of steels, such as their strength, toughness, fatigability, cleanliness, surface fi nishing, castability, etc. Thus, control of inclusions is very important in the production
of high-cleanliness steels. The control of inclusions usually means to control the amount, morphology, composition, and size distribution of inclusions and their spacial
distribution in the steel product. Nonmetallic inclusion in steel is always a key topic for steelmaking process during the past five decades.
A wide range of operating approaches including deoxidation, calcium treatment, slag refining, and prevention against reoxidation have been applied throughout the steelmaking
processes to achieve the better control of nonmetallic inclusions in steel. Firstly, accurate characterization of inclusions
is required to clearly understand the source and formation mechanism of inclusions and then to find methods to remove
and control them. The combination of the various methods is the best way to better understand the characteristics of
inclusions. Besides, most of indigenous inclusions are produced during the deoxidation process. The Al2O3-rich inclusions and Al2O3·MgO spinel inclusions formed in Al-killed steels may cause defects on the surface of steel products after polishing due to their poor deformability. The nucleation,
growth, fl uid-flow transport, and removal of inclusions in the molten steel have been widely investigated. For the unremoved inclusions, modifi cation treatment is necessary to make them harmless to steel. Calcium treatment was well used to modify inclusions into calcium aluminates with low melting temperature. The composition of inclusions was greatly influenced by the composition of the top slag and lining refractory materials. A lot of thermodynamic and kinetic models have been developed to predict the formation
of inclusions. Moreover, the oxide metallurgy was applied to utilize inclusion particles to improve steel properties.
Different grades of steels have diff erent requirements of inclusions. More fundamental research is necessary to determine the target of inclusions in various types of steels.
Although inclusions in the equilibrium state can be well predicted by thermodynamics, kinetic prediction is necessary to the variation of inclusions during the entire steelmaking
process, especially the variation of composition and size of inclusions. During the solidification and cooling process of the steel and the heating of the steel, the equilibrium between
the steel and inclusions varied with temperature, during which the evolution of inclusions needs to be investigated.
The special edition for the Journal of Iron and Steel Research International focused on nonmetallic inclusions in steel. Five articles were collected.
Sunday et al. did an extensive review on types of inclusions in steel, inclusion modification and sulfide shape control during refining in the ladle and summarized several key
aspects of the metallurgy of calcium treatment and inclusion evolution during refining in the ladle; Ying and Zhang et al. performed a kinetic modeling on the reoxidation of
Al–Ti-containing steel by CaO–Al 2O3–MgO–SiO2 slag and predicted the amount and composition of inclusions during refining; Joohyun et al. discussed the eff ect of CaF2 content
in refining slag on the formation of spinel inclusions in Ni–Cr–V-alloyed special steels; Cong et al. investigated the effect of Zr addition on the evolution of inclusions in EH36
shipbuilding steel; Qiang et al. simulated the collision and aggregation of inclusions in a turbulent fluid.
Li-feng Zhang The guest editor of this special column is Li-feng Zhang. Li-feng was born in 1972 and is a professor at the School
of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. He received his Bachelor degree of Metallurgical Engineering
from Chongqing University in 1993 and Ph.D degree of Metallurgical Engineering from University of Science and Technology Beijing in 1998. He
worked at Tohoku University (Japan), Technical University of Clausthal (Germany), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (USA), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norway)
and Missouri University of Science and Technology (USA). He was a professor at Norwegian University of Science and Technology and an
associate professor at Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Prof. Li-feng Zhang has done extensive theoretical and practical studies on nonmetallic inclusions in steel. His research results have been used
in several industries and promoted the improvement of clean steels in China. He was selected as the Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng)
Distinguished Visiting Fellow at University of Warwick in 2016. He was the winner of 2017 AIST Richard J. Fruehan Award, 2010 Jerry
Silver Best Paper Award of Association for Iron & Steel Technology (AIST), 2009 Continuous Casting Award Best Paper of AIST, 2007
TMS Young Leader in Light Metals of TMS Society, and 2001 Steel-making Conference Best Paper Award of Iron and Steel Society. He is
a member of editorial board for 8 English journals and 8 Chinese journals.
He has been invited to review papers for over 80 international journals.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 131-132 [
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133
Sunday Abraham . Rick Bodnar . Justin Raines . Yufeng Wang
Inclusion engineering and metallurgy of calcium treatment
Although a great deal of research has been done in the area of inclusion control during steelmaking, a complete description of the process of inclusion modification and shape control cannot be found in literatures. As a result, the terms ‘‘inclusion modification’’ and ‘‘shape control’’ are often used loosely in the technical community. To utilize the full potential offered by a calcium treatment, it is important to understand why an inclusion whose composition has been modified may not necessarily have its shape modified. With the purpose of decoupling the process of inclusion phase change from inclusion shape control, and to provide a complete description of the metallurgy of calcium treatment, a detailed literature survey has been performed on the subject. By coupling the survey with a new concept developed to tailor the cleanliness of steels to the intended applications, the hope is to provide the reader with valuable information on calcium treatment for inclusion modification and shape control.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 133-145 [
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Ying Ren · Li-feng Zhang · Ying Zhang
Modeling reoxidation behavior of Al–Ti-containing steels by CaO–Al 2O3–MgO–SiO 2 slag
A kinetic model was developed using FactSage Macro Processing to simulate the reoxidation of Al–Ti-containing steels by CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO slags. The calculated results show a good agreement with the experimental data. Thus, the developed kinetic model can be used to predict changes in slag, steel, and inclusion compositions during the reaction process. During the slag reoxidation process, the reactions occurring at slag–steel interface and in the bulk steel were confi rmed to be the reduction of SiO2 by [Al] and [Ti] and the self-dissociation of SiO2 into [Si] and [O]. Increasing the ratio of CaO to SiO2 in the slag can significantly suppress the self-dissociation of SiO2 in the slag and lower the amount of inclusions produced during reoxidation. The formed inclusions changed from solid Al2O3 to Al2O3–TiO x inclusions, which was mainly dependent on the w([Al]) and w([Ti]). The amount of inclusions was obviously influenced by the composition of the top slag.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 146-156 [
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157
Jae-hong Shin · Joo-hyun Park
Effect of CaF2 content in refining slag on formation behavior of spinel inclusion in Ni–Cr–V-alloyed special steel
The influence of CaF2 content on the formation behavior of spinel inclusions in the Ni–Cr–V-alloyed special steel was presented. The spinel was not formed at CaF2 content lower than 10 wt%. However, it was formed at early stage when the CaF2 content was greater than 30 wt%, followed by a modification to the aluminosilicate-type inclusions. Because the slag was saturated by MgO, the activity of MgO was unity irrespective of CaF2 content in the slag. Thus, Mg was transferred from slag to metal phase. Mg transferred to molten steel reacted with Al2O3-rich inclusions to form MgO·Al 2O3 spinel. However, the spinel inclusion was modified to aluminosilicate-type inclusions by the reaction with Si and Ca transferred from slag to molten steel about 2–3 h later.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 157-163 [
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Xiao-dong Zou · Jin-cheng Sun · Da-peng Zhao · Hiroyuki Matsuura · Cong Wang
Effects of Zr addition on evolution behavior of inclusions in EH36 shipbuilding steel: from casting to welding
The inclusions evolution behavior in the continuous casting slab, rolled plates, and simulated welding samples of EH36 steels with and without Zr addition has been systematically investigated. The inclusions in plain EH36 steel are almost composed of Al–Ca–S–O(–Mn) and undergo negligible changes during the whole process. With Zr addition, a large amount of individually fine MnS precipitates and Zr-containing inclusions are generated. In the rolled EH36-Zr sample, Zr-containing complex inclusions are effective to promote the nucleation of acicular ferrite on the surface, which are hardly found in the simulated welding sample of EH36-Zr steel due to the segregation of soluble Ti and Zr on the grain boundary.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 164-172 [
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Qiang Yue ,, · Zeng Hu · Zhao-yang Wu, · Hong-ming Long , · Qing-min Meng
Visualization of collision and aggregation behavior of particles simulating movement of inclusions in molten steel
Inclusions with sizes less than 1 μm in molten steel are diffi cult to float up to the molten steel and slag interface owing to their slow terminal velocity. Thus, increasing the size of inclusion is essential for accelerating the removal of inclusions. Polystyrene particles simulating inclusions in molten steel were quantifi ed by direct observation of the particle collision behavior in a turbulent flow in a water model. The box-counting fractal dimension of particles was calculated by processing the binary images of aggregated particles. The fractal dimension of the outer contours of the single plastic particles was smaller than that of the aggregated particles. The fractal dimension was varied from 1.14 to 1.35. When two or more monomer particles collide, the aggregates are separated more easily, as the temperature increases from 40 to 80 °C. The aggregated particles were loose and easy to separate in the high-temperature aqueous solution. The effect of temperature on the surface tension of liquid and the interfacial tension of solid and liquid is obvious. The particles are wetting in the water solution at a temperature more than 60 °C. The relationship between the velocity of the particles and the fractal dimension of the solid particles with the equivalent diameter was discussed.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 173-180 [
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181
Xue-min Yang . Jin-yan Li . Fang-jia Yan . Dong-ping Duan . Jian Zhang
Critical assessment of three kinds of activity coefficients of carbon and related mixing thermodynamic functions of Fe–C binary melts based on atom–molecule coexistence theory
Raoultian activity coefficients γ0C of C in infinitely dilute Fe–C binary melts at temperatures of 1833, 1873, 1923, and 1973 K have been determined from the converted mass action concentrations N’C of C in Fe–C binary melts by the developed AMCT-Ni model based on the atom–molecule coexistence theory (AMCT). The obtained expression of γ0C by the developed AMCT-Ni model has been evaluated to be accurate based on the reported ones from the literature. Meanwhile, three activity coefficients γC, f%,C, and fH,C of C coupled with activity aR,C or a%,C or aH,C have been obtained by the developed AMCT-Ni model and assessed through comparing with the predicted ones by other models from the literature. The first-order activity interaction coefficients εCC, eCC, and hCC related to γC, f%,C, and fH,C are also determined and assessed in comparison with the reported ones from the literature. Furthermore, the integral molar mixing thermodynamic functions such as ΔmixHm,Fe-C, ΔmixSm,Fe-C, and ΔmixGm,Fe-C of Fe–C binary melts over a temperature range from 1833 to 1973 K have been determined and evaluated to be valid based on the determined ones from the literature.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 181-199 [
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Hong Li · Yuan Qin · Wei Cui · Man Yao · Xu-dong Wang · Hai-xuan Xu · Simon R. Phillpot
Effects of grain boundaries on irradiation-induced defects in tungsten by molecular dynamics simulations
The effects of two different symmetric tilt grain boundaries (GBs), Σ13[001](230) GB and Σ17[001](140) GB, on displacement cascade processes in tungsten were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. By quantifying the number of interstitials and vacancies surviving after irradiation with the kinetic energy of primary knock-on atom energies of 1, 3 and 5 keV, respectively, in these simulations, it is found that the GBs have dual nature for radiation-induced defects: They absorb interstitials while leaving more vacancies to survive in the grains. The net effect is that the number of total surviving defects in the GB system is not always less than that in the single crystal. These defect behaviors are understood by quantitatively analyzing the recovery fraction of irradiation-induced defects, the time to reach steady state and the mobility of vacancies and interstitials. It is also found that the Σ17 GB is a more effective sink of radiation-induced point defects than the Σ13 GB. One of the main reasons is that the Σ17 GB has a higher GB energy.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 200-206 [
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Ping-hu Chen, · Zhi-lin Liu, · Rui-qing Li, · Chang-jun Qiu · Xiao-qian Li,,
Thermal-sprayed coating of optimally mixed ceramic powders on stainless steel with enhanced corrosion resistance
Three different groups of ceramic powders for the thermal-sprayed coating were fi rstly prepared using sintering and ball milling. Then, these powders were separately deposited on three stainless steel substrates, followed by individual corrosion resistance examination. Microstructural characterization showed that the levels of micro-void and micro-crack at the bonding interface (between coating and substrate) depended on the proportions of different ceramic particles. Meanwhile, a signifi cantly enhanced corrosion resistance was reproducibly observed in one group of as-coated samples that have the optimal combination of given ceramic powders. Furthermore, the mechanism of corresponding enhanced corrosion resistance was discussed. It was found that the optimal ceramic powders for the present thermal-sprayed coating should contain 30.2 wt% SiO2, 54 wt% Cr2O3, 6.8 wt% Al2O3, 4.8 wt% CaO and 1.8 wt% TiO 2. The corrosion velocities of such samples .2 in the 3.5 vol.% HCl, 15 wt% NaOH and 5 wt% NaCl solutions were 3.74, 2.98 and 0.50 g h .1 m for 168, 336 and 336 h, respectively.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 207-212 [
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Wen-bo Liu · Peng-cheng Song · Chi Zhang · Di Yun · Chun-fa Yao · Zhi-gang Yang
Crystallographic analysis of lath martensite in a 13Cr-5Ni steel by electron backscattering diff raction
Morphology observation and crystallographic analysis of lath martensite in 13Cr-5Ni steel were investigated by electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope. The pole figures of the microstructure measured by EBSD showed that the martensite in this steel held the Kurdjumov–Sachs (K–S) orientation relationship, and the boundary misorientations after the austenite–martensite transformation were also analyzed. However, not all the 24 possible variants in the K–S relationship were observed in a single prior austenite grain. Sub-blocks with special combinations were observed, which can be explained by the minimization of the total shape strain between the adjacent variants introduced during the martensite transformation and relatively low carbon content in the 13Cr-5Ni steel.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 213-220 [
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Gang Song · Hong-yang Wang · Tao-tao Li · Li-ming Liu
Joining mechanism of Mg alloy/steel butt joints with Cu–Zn interlayer by hybrid laser–TIG welding source
Hybrid laser–TIG (tungsten inert gas) welding technology was used to join the Mg to steel with Cu–Zn interlayer. The eff ect of Al content in Mg alloy on the interface bonding of AZ31BMg/Q235 steel dissimilar butt joints was investigated. For comparison, ZK60 Mg alloy with no Al addition and AZ31 Mg alloy were utilized. The results showed that AZ31/Q235 butt joints with Cu–Zn interlayer, of which the fractures occurred in the Mg weld seam, showed quite sound and reliable interface bonding. The obvious concentration of element Al occurred along the Mg/steel interface. The results indicated that the addition of Cu–Zn interlayer, especially Zn, could significantly decrease the reaction temperature of Fe–Al at the Mg/ steel interface and promote the formation of reaction layer along the interface. The diffusion of Al element on the Mg–Fe interface was increased by the Cu–Zn interlayer. For ZK60 Mg alloy, Mg and Zn approaching the Mg–Fe interface were evaporated. The intense vaporizing could inhibit the direct contact between steel and Mg weld pool, even destroying the possible formation of reaction layer. The intimate interface bonding of AZ31/Q235 butt joints was attributed to the synergistic effect of element Al and Cu.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 221-227 [
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Chen Dong, · Ai-min Zhao, · Xi-tao Wang · Qi-hang Pang · Hui-bin Wu,
Microstructure and properties of 1100 MPa grade low-carbon hot-rolled steel by laser welding
The microstructure and mechanical properties of the butt joint of 1100 MPa grade hot-rolled low-carbon steel by laser welding were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, micro-hardness and tensile tests. The yield strength and tensile strength of the laser welded joint reached 100.2 and 99.5% of the base material (BM), respectively. However, the elongation of the welded joint only reached about 60% of BM. The lowest and highest hardness areas both existed in the incomplete recrystallization zone. The width of the softened area of the welded joint is about 240–260 μm. The element distribution has no obvious change for C, Cr, Si, Mn, Ti, etc.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 228-234 [
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Cheng-hui Su · Qiang-guo Li · Xue-fei Huang · Wei-gang Huang
Effect of bainite microstructure during two-step quenching and partitioning process on strength and toughness properties of a 0.3%C bainitic steel
The effect of bainite transformation and microstructure on the mechanical properties in 0.3%C bainitic steel was investigated via the heat treatment process of quenching at higher initial temperature and partitioning below martensite-start temperature. The results show that bainite transformation takes place with the partitioning time increasing during partitioning below martensite-start temperature. The microstructure of samples treated by this two-step quenching and partitioning process consists of lath bainite, lath martensite and retained austenite. This kind of multiphase microstructure exhibits better strength of 1420 MPa, ductility of 21.8% and the product of strength and elongation of 30.8 GPa%. Furthermore, the excellent impact toughness of 103 J is exhibited by partitioning at 280 °C for 3 h. In addition, the coalescence of bainite platelets was found in the sample treated by partitioning for 8 h, leading to the deterioration of toughness.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 235-242 [
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Jian Gou. Zheng-jun Liu . Hua Jia
Effects of Nb on microstructure and wear resistance of Fe–Cr–C–B surfacing alloy
The influence of Nb on the microstructure and wear resistance of the surfacing layer was investigated by using the Fe-based flux-cored wire in the Fe–Cr–C–B system. The microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance properties of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness testing and abrasive wear testing, respectively. The results indicate that microstructures of the alloy are composed of martensite, retained austenite, M23(C,B)6 and NbC. Boride M23(C,B)6 is distributed along the grain boundaries, while NbC in shape-regular quadrilateral is distributed in martensite. The microhardness is distributed from the substrate to the surfacing layer gradiently. NbC significantly improved the wear resistance of surfacing layer.
2018 Vol. 25 (2): 243-251 [
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