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2022年 29卷 6期
刊出日期：2022-06-25
867
Shao-jie Lv, Shui-ze Wang, Gui-lin Wu, Jun-heng Gao, Xu-sheng Yang, Hong-hui Wu, Xin-ping Mao
Application of phase-field modeling in solid-state phase transformation of steels
Solid-state phase transformation is usually associated with excellent mechanical properties in steel materials. A deep understanding of the formation and evolution of phase structure is essential to tailor their service performance. As a powerful tool for capturing the evolution of complex microstructures, phase-field simulation quantitatively calculates the phase structures evolution without explicit assumptions about transient microstructures. With the development of advanced numerical technology and computing ability, phase-field methods have been successfully applied to solid-state phase transformation in steels and greatly support the research and development of advanced steel materials. The phase-field simulations of solid-phase transformation in steels were summarized, and the future development was proposed.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 867-880 [
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881
Shi-qing Zhao, Xiao-dong Lv, Zhi-ming Yan, Xue-wei Lv, Wei Lv, Chen-guang Bai
Effect of pre-oxidation degree on gaseous reduction of pre-oxidized ilmenite concentrate by CO
The effect of pre-oxidation degree of Panzhihua ilmenite concentrate on the gaseous reduction by carbon monoxide was investigated. The raw ilmenite concentrates were pre-oxidized at 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 °C for 2 h, respectively. The phase change, FeO content, and morphology after the oxidation at various temperatures were characterized. The oxidation degree was calculated according to the change of FeO content. Thermogravimetry was performed on the oxidized ilmenite concentrate samples (oxidized at 600, 800, and 1000 °C) at 850, 900, and 950 °C, respectively. The results show that the pre-oxidation of ilmenite concentrate can accelerate the reduction process: the higher pre-oxidation degree, the faster reduction rate. The high pre-oxidation degree of ilmenite concentrate is beneficial to accelerate the subsequent reduction process in two ways. Three stages of the reduction process were divided via the first derivatives of reduction degree, and the reduction mechanism and apparent activation energy were discussed subsequently.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 881-890 [
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891
Peng Liu, Bing-guo Liu, Li-bo Zhang, Jin-hui Peng
Particle motion simulation and pulverized coal injection combustion simulation of titanomagnetite pellets in rotary kiln for reduction process with coal
The production process of direct reduced iron from titanomagnetite by coal reduction in air in rotary kiln is a key step in the extraction of titanium and iron. This process is conducive to alleviating the stocking problem of a large amount of Tibearing blast furnace slag. The relationships between particle movement and pulverized coal injection combustion in rotary kiln were studied by the particle motion simulation and the pulverized coal injection combustion simulation. In particle motion simulation, the repose angle of ore particles was calculated to be 28.06°, and the reaction zone was roughly determined by the reaction temperature isothermal surface and the repose angle; the axial discrete distribution of ore particles would further cause the axial energy fluctuation due to the endothermic nature of the reduction. In pulverized coal injection combustion simulation, the rebound effect of coal injection under gravity would cause local overheating in the rebound region due to the benefits of heat and mass transfer processes, while this could strengthen the reduction reaction of ore particles and cause agglomerate by melting. Two suggestions on weakening the energy fluctuation and agglomerate were proposed based on the characteristics of particle motion and external carbon reaction.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 891-906 [
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907
Li-hao Han, Yue-hua Li, Li-ning Han, Yan-xia Liu, Wei-qing Huang, Lei Cao, Su-ci Qi, Xin Guan, Jian-lu Yuan
Effects of coke charging pattern on burden movement in COREX melter gasifier based on physical simulation
A three-dimensional semicircle cold model of COREX melter gasifier (MG) was established, and the effects of coke charging pattern on burden movement were investigated by adopting this model. The burden flow pattern of packed bed was measured with different coke charging amounts, coke charging positions, and coke sizes. The results show that the solid flow pattern presents a change from straight line type to reverse U type and finally to W type in MG with traditional coke charging, while the burden flow pattern experiences the change from straight line type to W type with platform and finally W type under center coke charging, and the solid flow pattern presents a change from straight line type to W type with platform and finally W type under intermediate coke charging. The difference demonstrates that coke charging pattern affects the uniform descending in MG to some degree. The burden in the coke charging zone keeps a straight line descending. No matter what kind of coke charging pattern is adopted, the burden residence time is shortened with the increase in coke charging amount, and the vertex of deadman decreases obviously, which is conducive to the renewal of the deadman. The appropriate coke charging amount and coke size should be well controlled at 8.7% and 5 mm, respectively. The results are useful not only in developing further understanding of solid flow in MG but also in verifying different mathematical models, particularly the coupled discrete element method with computational fluid dynamics simulation which has been increasingly used in the literature.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 907-913 [
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58
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914
Hua-kou Yang, Chen-yang Zhou, Hang Wang, Bin Yang
Phase equilibria in Ti-rich portion and thermodynamic re-optimization of Co–Ti system
The experimental and thermodynamic studies of the Co–Ti system are an important part of the project to build a thermodynamic database for multicomponent Co–Ti-based alloys. Several key alloys were prepared and then examined for microstructural, compositional and thermal analyses to determine the Ti-rich phase equilibria. According to the available experimental information, the Co–Ti system was thermodynamically re-optimized on the basis of CALPHAD method. Four disordered solutions, liquid, fcc-A1 (α-Co), bcc-A2 (β-Ti) and hcp-A3 (ε-Co and α-Ti) were modeled as substitutional ones. CoTi
2
with limited solubility was treated as a stoichiometric compound, while γ-Co
2
Ti and β-Co
2
Ti with certain solubility were described in the form of (Co,Ti)
2
(Co,Ti)
1
using a two-sublattice model. A single Gibbs energy function was employed to model two order–disorder transformations from fcc-A1 to fcc-L1
2
(Co
3
Ti) and from bcc-A2 to bcc-B2 (CoTi). A group of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters of the Co–Ti system were obtained. With these thermodynamic parameters, the experimental data can be described more reasonably and satisfactorily.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 914-924 [
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925
Lei Cao, Guo-cheng Wang, Yuan-you Xiao, Rong-guang Yang
Effect of Mg addition on TiN inclusions in GCr15 bearing steel
Compared with the original GCr15 bearing steel, TiN inclusions are greatly reduced by the effect of Mg addition, and many different types of non-metallic Mg-containing inclusions were observed in Mg-treated GCr15 bearing steel which includes MgO, MgS·MnS, MgO–MgS·MnS, MgAl
2
O
4
–MgS·MnS, MgO–TiN, MgS·MnS–TiN, and MgO–MgS·MnS–TiN. The inclusion size distribution based on automatic inclusion analysis software shows that the number of inclusion with the size ranging from 1 to 3 μm increases obviously because a large amount of MgO, MgS·MnS, TiN inclusions containing Mg with smaller sizes are massively generated. In situ observation on the experimental steel by high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy confirms that MgO can provide nucleation sites for TiN. In addition, the MgS·MnS and MgO–MgS·MnS inclusions can also provide positions for the nucleation of TiN. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that after Mg addition to liquid steel, a large number of fine MgO inclusions are generated in the liquid steel because of the strong reactivity of Mg and O. At the same time, MgS precedes TiN precipitates in the solid–liquid two-phase region; thus, MgO and MgS·MnS can provide sites for TiN nucleation. At last, two possible formation pathways for the above various TiN inclusions containing Mg are discussed.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 925-938 [
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939
Bi-wen Yang, Yi-hang Hu, San-ping Liu, Xue-dong Zhang, Chao-zhen Zheng, Hai-bei Wang
Influence of desulfurization slag containing oxides of vanadium and titanium on semi-steel pre-desulfurization
The desulfurization and resulfurization of slag containing oxides of vanadium and titanium (CaO–SiO
2
–MgO–Al
2
O
3
–V
2
O
3
–TiO
2
–FeO) in the pretreatment of semi-steel desulfurization at 1623 K were investigated. Based on the ionic structure theory of slag, it could be concluded that V
2
O
3
and TiO
2
combined with (O
2–
) to form complex anions including VO
3
3–
, TiO
4
4–
, etc., which reduced the activity of (O
2–
) and decreased the sulfur partition ratio (
L
S
). And FeO enhanced the activity of [O] at the slag–metal interface, which decreased the desulfurization capacity of the slag. Compared to the binary basicity, the presented basicity expression containing V
2
O
3
and TiO
2
described the relationship between
L
S
and basicity more accurately. Considering the problems of dilute slag, a large amount of residual slag and much resulfurization in the slagging-off process after pretreatment, the effect of CaO + C-based slag modifier on the resulfurization, melting point and viscosity of the desulfurization slag was investigated. It was proposed that adding 5%–10% of the slag modifier to the desulfurization slag after desulfurization decreased the resulfurization effectively. And the added modifier adjusted the slag viscosity well, which helped to reduce iron loss and residual slag.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 939-950 [
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951
Ning-ning Lv, Chang Su, Hui Kong, Hai-chuan Wang, Yuan-chi Dong
Leaching process of phosphorus and iron from steelmaking slag into malic acid solution
In order to remove phosphorus element from steelmaking slag and decrease iron loss, malic acid was selected as the leaching agent to dissolve steelmaking slag. Firstly, the influences of different factors, such as malic acid concentration, slag particle size, temperature, liquid/solid ratio and stirring speed, on the leaching ratios of phosphorus and iron were studied. Then, the kinetics for the leaching process of phosphorus was analyzed. The results showed that the leaching ratios of phosphorus and iron increase significantly with increasing the malic acid solution concentration and liquid/solid ratio. When the concentration of malic acid solution increases up to 0.01492 mol/L, about 80% phosphorus can be dissolved, and iron leaching ratio is less than 17%. In addition, decreasing slag particle size can obviously increase the leaching ratio of phosphorus. However, temperature and stirring speed have no significant effect on the dissolution of phosphorus and iron. The leaching kinetics of phosphorus follows the unreacted shrinking core model. Diffusion through product layer is the rate-limiting step of the leaching process, and the corresponding apparent activation energy is determined to be 3.32 kJ/mol. Finally, a semi-empirical kinetic equation was established.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 951-960 [
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961
He-nan Cui, Tao Li, Yu-lin Zhu, Min Tan
Numerical investigation on particles removal by bubble flotation in swirling flow
The removal of particles is of great importance in many fields including effluent treatment, mineral separation, clean metal production, etc. However, most of the researchers paid their attention to the two-phase flow involving gas–liquid or solid–liquid independently. The motion and interaction between bubbles and particles in the swirling three-phase flow field were simulated by discrete phase model. The swirling flow and the collision between bubbles and particles were governed by compiling the user-defined function program. The centripetal pressure gradient force pushes the discrete phases toward the central region, where the collision rate between particle and bubbles is improved greatly. Moreover, it proved beneficially for particle removal to increase the swirling velocity, particularly for larger particles. Thus, bubble flotation is an effective method to remove particles from the fluid. The swirling velocity was optimized, which is valuable for industrial design.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 961-972 [
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973
Jing-na Sun, Chi Chen, Shuo Wang, Guan-nan Liu, Hua-gui Huang
Analysis of longitude profiled rolling process of Cu/Al cladded sheet and evaluation of outlet warpage
Longitude profiled cladded sheet is obtained by rolling bimetal cladded sheet with variable gauge rolling technology. The longitude profiled rolling process of Cu/Al cladded sheets was studied by finite element method and experiments. The rolling force rises with the increase in reduction, and a sudden change appears at the end of the thickness variation zone. The thickness ratio of copper layer is enlarged after rolling owing to its relatively large deformation resistance and continues to rise with the increase in reduction rate. Lower elongation of copper side leads to the warpage of exit metal to copper side, which further hinders the deformation of copper. The influence of asymmetric rolling parameters indicates that increasing the work roll diameter ratio, speed radio, and friction coefficient on Al side can reduce the warpage when the reduction rate is below a certain value depending on the thickness ratio and other rolling parameters. Comparison of experiments and simulation results showed good agreement and verified the finite element model.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 973-982 [
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163
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983
Xiang-dong Huo, Zhi-wei Lv, Chen Ao, Lie-jun Li, Ji-nian Xia, Song-jun Chen
Effect of strain-induced precipitation on microstructure and properties of titanium micro-alloyed steels
The strain-induced precipitation behavior of titanium micro-alloyed steel was examined through the stress relaxation method. In addition, the relationship between strain-induced precipitation and isothermal precipitation was explored. The findings revealed that the strain-induced precipitation and recrystallization processes of titanium micro-alloyed steel coexist and compete at the same time. The results also showed that the recrystallization process was inhibited with straininduced precipitation. Moreover, a large amount of nano-sized TiC particles precipitated in Ti micro-alloyed steel. Notably, the strain-induced precipitated TiC had a size of 10 nm and isothermally precipitated TiC had a size of 3–6 nm. Additionally, there was a clear competitive relationship between strain-induced precipitation and isothermal precipitation. The findings also showed that strain-induced precipitation had an obvious effect on the refinement of austenite although the effect was not obvious on the increase in the yield strength. Furthermore, isothermal treatment was shown to be more advantageous than strain-induced precipitation. Finally, the major increase in the yield strength was mainly attributed to the precipitation strengthening of nano-sized TiC during isothermal precipitation.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 983-993 [
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994
Xiao-han Wu, Zhi-gang Song, Bao-shun Wang, Ming-hua Wu, Qi-liang Nai, Liang Yao, Han Feng, Wen-jie Zheng
Morphologies of secondary austenite in 2507 duplex stainless steel after heat treatment
The microstructure evolution of secondary austenite in 2507 duplex stainless steel was investigated by means of optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Four types of secondary austenite (γ
2
) morphologies including partially transformed austenite, grain boundary austenite, Widmannstätten austenite (WA) and intragranular austenite could be formed during cooling after solution treatment. It was concluded that secondary austenite morphology was mainly dependent on cooling rates. Two mechanisms of WA formation were proposed. WA nucleated at grain boundary of ferrite or at the formed phase boundary. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis displayed that WA grew in parallel to the ferrite. The effects of Cr
2
N on secondary austenite precipitation were discussed in detail. Once Cr
2
N was involved, a mechanism was proposed that secondary austenite formed by element diffusion, leading to the migration of the austenite–ferrite interface. Cr
2
N acted as the nucleation sites for γ
2
and provided the nitrogen for the transformation; meanwhile, the precipitation of Cr
2
N during the rapid cooling was captured by TEM. A process of nucleation followed by diffusion was concluded to be the formation of secondary austenite with no Cr
2
N precipitated. The decomposition of secondary austenite was also studied, which was found to be a diffusion mechanism followed by displacement in connection with the element distribution.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 994-1003 [
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1004
Xin-li Song, Chang-hu Huang, Juan Jia, Jing Liu
Effect of strain rate on fracture behaviour of Cr18Ni11Ti stainless steel at high temperatures
The effect of strain rate on the fracture behaviour of Cr18Ni11Ti stainless steel at high temperatures was analysed. The steel was subjected to solid solution treatment at 1050 °C and ageing at 650 °C for 24 h. The high-temperature tensile properties of Cr18Ni11Ti stainless steel were subsequently investigated via high-temperature tensile testing at 650 °C and different strain rates (1.43 × 10
–1
, 1.43 × 10
–2
, 1.43 × 10
–3
, 1.43 × 10
–4
, and 1.43 × 10
–5
s
–
1
). The microstructure, precipitated phase, tensile fracture surface, and dislocation of the experimental steel were analysed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy spectrometry. The results show that Cr18Ni11Ti stainless steel is mainly austenite, with a large number of twin crystals, chromium-rich precipitated phase and composite precipitated phases of TiC and AlMgCaO. With decreases in strain rate, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and reduction in area also decrease. When the strain rate is high, obvious necking and ductile fracture occur in the experimental steel. However, when the strain rate is reduced to 1.43 × 10
–5
s
–1
, the necking phenomenon is not obvious and intergranular brittle fracture appears. Greater segregation of P and S contents at grain boundaries, or dislocation motion creep and grain-boundary sliding creep, leads to brittle fracture of the steel at lower strain rates of 1.43 × 10
–4
to 1.43 × 10
–5
s
–1
.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 1004-1011 [
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1012
Tong-hao Wang, Jian Wang, Jin-gang Bai, Shu-jing Wang, Chao Chen, Pei-de Han
Effect of boron on dissolution and repairing behavior of passive film on S31254 super-austenitic stainless steel immersed in H
2
SO
4
solution
The impact of boron on the dissolution and repairing behavior of passive films formed on S31254 super-austenitic stainless steel (SASS) was investigated. SASS was immersed in 0.5 mol/L of H
2
SO
4
for 0, 2, 6, 10, and 14 days to explore the evolution of the passive film. The electrochemical impedance spectroscope (EIS), the Mott–Schottky analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope were utilized to analyze the semiconductor properties and compositions of the passive films. EIS showed a decrease and consequent increase over 14 days; the same pattern was observed for Cr
2
O
3
and Cr/Fe. However, the defect density of the passive film exhibited a reverse trend. The variation in film thicknesses indicated that the passive films possessed dissolution and repairing behavior. SASS passive film had a double-layer structure; the outer layer was found to be rich in Fe
3+
and Cr(OH)
3
, but low on Mo
6+
, while the inner layer was rich in Cr
2
O
3
and low in Mo
4+
. The addition of boron increased the corrosion resistance and could promote the efficiency of the passive film repair, likely by promoting the migration of Mo
x
+
, which promoted the repairing of the passive film.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 1012-1225 [
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1026
Zhuo-wei Tan, Zhen-bo Wang, Shu-yu Bai, Da-lei Zhang, Sheng-zhu Zhang, Frank Cheng, Shao-hua Xing, You-hai Jin
Interaction between local corrosion and flow field of natural gas long-distance pipeline by artificial rectangular defect pit
The corrosive environment in long-distance natural gas pipeline was simulated by the online high shear stress flow test platform. The interaction between flow fields and local corrosion in different local corrosion stages was studied by machining different depths rectangular defect pit (RDP) on X80 pipe steel specimens. The electrochemical signals of each specimen under high shear stress flow were measured online using an integrated three-electrode and electrochemical system. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the corrosion scale of X80 pipeline steel in CO
2
-saturated National Association of Corrosion Engineers solution was composed of FeCO
3
. The scanning electron microscope images displayed variations in microstructure of the corrosion scale at different RDP depths and different areas. The flow field fluctuations induced by RDP were analyzed by computational fluid dynamics simulations and the development of local corrosion pits was discussed in terms of integrity of corrosion scale, convective mass transfer, and diffusion mass transfer.
2022 Vol. 29 (6): 1026-1038 [
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45
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