钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2014 Vol. 21 No. 6
Published: 2014-06-15
Metallurgy and Metal Working
559
Chun-yu JIA,Tao BAI,Xiu-ying SHAN,Fa-jun CUI,Sheng-jie XU
Cloud Neural Fuzzy PID Hybrid Integrated Algorithm of Flatness Control
In connection with the characteristics of multi-disturbance and nonlinearity of a system for flatness control in cold rolling process, a new intelligent PID control algorithm was proposed based on a cloud model, neural network and fuzzy integration. By indeterminacy artificial intelligence, the problem of fixing the membership functions of input variables and fuzzy rules was solved in an actual fuzzy system and the nonlinear mapping between variables was implemented by neural network. The algorithm has the adaptive learning ability of neural network and the indeterminacy of a cloud model in processing knowledge, which makes the fuzzy system have more persuasion in the process of knowledge inference, realizing the online adaptive regulation of PID parameters and avoiding the defects of the traditional PID controller. Simulation results show that the algorithm is simple, fast and robust with good control performance and application value.
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 559-564 [
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565
Wang SU,Wei-ling WANG,Sen LUO,Dong-bin JIANG,Miao-yong ZHU
Heat Transfer and Central Segregation of Continuously Cast High Carbon Steel Billet
A numerical model of heat transfer was developed to investigate the heat transfer of continuously cast billet with the aid of surface temperature tests by ThermaCAMTM researcher and nail shooting experiments. The effects of secondary cooling practice and casting speed on the solidification process and central segregation of carbon were investigated as well with the actual central segregation tests. The results show that the surface center and billet center temperatures exhibit a different pattern during solidification, and the solidified shell thickness is presented as an “S” type. With the increase of secondary cooling intensity and the decrease of casting speed, the end points of the solidus line and the liquidus line move forward, and the central segregation level of carbon decreases. The optimal casting condition is suggested for continuously cast high carbon billet with F-EMS (final electromagnetic stirring).
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 565-574 [
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575
Ke-jiang LI,Jian-liang ZHANG,Zheng-jian LIU,Rui MAO,Tian-jun YANG
Comprehensive Evaluation of OxyCup Process for Steelmaking Dust Treatment Based on Calculation of Mass Balance and Heat Balance
Through the mass balance and thermal balance calculation for a typical OxyCup (or OxiCup) furnace process featuring a capacity of 380 kt/a of steel plant residuals, the material flow and thermal flow diagrams were firstly obtained. Then, the performance of the main fuel in the OxyCup process, i. e. coke and carbon dust, was analyzed, and the results indicated that coke was mainly used as the stock column skeleton for the furnace and exothermal agent with a weak reduction ability; whereas carbon dust was mixed in the C-brick to reduce the iron oxide. In addition, the comparison between OxyCup process and traditional blast furnace process indicated that the reduction and melting processes in the OxyCup process were relatively isolated, while in the traditional blast furnace process, they were mixed with each other in the high temperature zone. Moreover, oxidizing atmosphere is necessary in part of the OxyCup furnaces to ensure the complete combustion of part of the coke, while only reducing atmosphere is allowed in traditional blast furnaces. Finally, it was confirmed that oxygen enrichment can make a remarkable increase of the energy income and high temperature blast makes only a small contribution to energy income as the energy from the combustion of carbon takes up nearly 90% of the total income.
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 575-582 [
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583
Ying-tie XU,Zhao-ping CHEN,Mao-tao GONG,,Da SHU,Yue-mei TIAN,,Xiang-qian YUAN
Effects of Mg Addition on Inclusions Formation and Resultant Solidification Structure Changes of Ti-stabilized Ultra-pure Ferritic Stainless Steel
The effects of Mg addition on the formation of nonmetallic inclusions and solidification structure of Ti-stabilized ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels were investigated by experimentally casting ingots with different compositions. Thermodynamic analyses on the formation of complex inclusions after adding Mg into steels were carried out combined with the scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis. And the EDS analysis showed that in steel samples with Mg addition, a new spinel crystal phase combined with Al2O3-TiOx formed. It was also found that after Mg addition, the proportions of equiaxed grain zone of 409L, 4003, 439 and 443NT steels increased from 10. 2%, 21. 8%, 13. 4% and 18. 6% to 84. 3%, 92. 3%, 91. 1% and 100. 0%, respectively. Since the planar disregistry between spinel and TiN is 5. 1%, spinel could promote the precipitation of TiN and increase the number density of TiN inclusions in steel melts. The mechanism of solidification structure refinement after adding Mg into steels supposed that the complex inclusions of spinel and TiN in high number density enhanced columnar-to-equiaxed transition, since the planer disregistry between δ phase and spinel is 1. 4%.
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 583-588 [
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589
Shao-chun CHEN,,Rong ZHU,Jing-she LI,Chun-lai HE,Ming L
Three-phase Fluid Numerical Simulation and Water Modeling Experiment of Supersonic Oxygen Jet Impingement on Molten Bath in EAF
By means of the computational fluid dynamics software Fluent 6. 3, a mathematical model of three-dimensional three-phase fluid flow field in the molten bath of electric arc furnace (EAF) with side accessorial oxygen lances was developed to study the transient phenomena of oxygen jet impingement on the molten steel and the molten slag. The water modeling experiment was carried out to verify the simulation results. The impingement of the supersonic oxygen jet caused impact dent on the molten steel surface accordingly. The area of impact dent changed almost in linear relationship to flow rate of oxygen jet, which can be expressed by a deduced mathematical equation. And the relationship between the impact force of oxygen jet and the correspondingly formed apparent static pressure on molten bath was obtained, which was in linear relationship and a direct proportion, and can also be expressed by a deduced mathematical equation.
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 589-595 [
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Material
596
Ya-bin CAO,,Fu-ren XIAO,Gui-ying QIAO,Bo LIAO
Quantitative Research on Dissolving of Nb in High Nb Microalloyed Steels during Reheating
The accurate prediction of soluble Nb content during reheating is helpful for the design of chemical composition and reheating parameters for Nb-containing steels. The dissolution behavior of Nb in high Nb microalloyed steels was investigated. The results show that Nb does not entirely dissolve for high Nb microalloyed steels containing Ti after holding at 1300 ℃ for 3 h. The soluble Nb content increases with the decrease of C content and/or the increase of Nb content in steels. Moreover, an expression has been established to describe the amount evolution of soluble Nb in high Nb microalloyed steels during reheating and the validity of this expression has also been verified by experiment.
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 596-599 [
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600
Jia-li CAO,,Ai-min ZHAO,,Ji-xiong LIU,Jian-guo HE,,Ran DING,
Effect of Nb on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Non-magnetic High Manganese Steel
Microstructure and mechanical properties of two kinds of non-magnetic high manganese steels with and without Nb addition which experienced the same rolling and heating treatment were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, electron back-scattered diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and tensile test. It was found that the microstructure of the high manganese steel was refined by the Nb addition. Moreover, steel with Nb addition has a higher stacking fault energy which favors the deformation twinning. Twinning is the most important deformation mechanism in the Nb-bearing steel. Therefore, steel with Nb addition has much higher strength and higher plasticity. The product of tensile strength and total elongation exceeds 61. 8 GPa·%. In addition, steel with Nb addition also has excellent non-magnetic property.
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 600-605 [
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606
Bai-liang ZHUANG,,Zhong-de SHAN,Chao JIANG,Xin-ya LI
Control over Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of BR1500HS Hot-stamped Parts
The hot-stamping processing parameters are of critical importance in transforming ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS) into high-quality parts, which were studied by mechanical properties tests, metallographic observations and calculation analysis method based on hot stamping experiments and numerical simulation technology, the mechanical properties, thickness, dimensional accuracy, and microstructure of the hot-formed parts are analyzed to determine the influence of different processing parameters for UHSS parts formed from BR1500HS. The results indicate that the quenching time had the most significant impact on the mechanical properties of the parts, and longer quenching time resulted in better mechanical properties. In addition, the pressing speed had a significant influence on the thickness of the formed parts, and the part-opening temperature had the most significant effect on the dimensional accuracy of the parts. And to get hot-stamped parts with excellent quality, the optimum process conditions should be set as heating temperature of 930 ℃, soaking time of 4 min, stamping force of 7 MPa, pressing speed of 75 mm/s, quenching time of 15 s, and water-flow rate of 1. 1 m/s.
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 606-613 [
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614
Ji-ming ZHANG,Ling-kang JI,Dong-jie BAO,Yao-rong FENG,Shou-xin LI,Yu-qing WENG
Gigacycle Fatigue Behavior of 1800 MPa Grade High Strength Spring Steel for Automobile Lightweight
Gigacycle fatigue behavior of 60Si2CrVA high strength spring steel was investigated by ultrasonic fatigue test machine. Fatigue fractography was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Maximum inclusion sizes and fatigue strength in different volumes were estimated by statistics of extreme values (SEV) and generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) methods. The results showed that S-N curves of 60Si2CrVA spring steels for two rolling processes were not horizontal asymptotes but a gradient in a regime of 109 cycles, and traditional fatigue limits were eliminated. Surface machined topography and inclusions in steel were major factors that led to elimination of fatigue limit for 60Si2CrVA spring steel. The SEV and GPD methods could effectively predict size of the maximum inclusion and fatigue strength in different volumes of 60Si2CrVA spring steel. Predicted fatigue strength was in accordance with experimental results by ultrasonic fatigue testing.
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 614-618 [
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619
Hang SU,Xiao-bing LUO,Cai-fu YANG,Feng CHAI,Hao LI
Effects of Cu on Corrosion Resistance of Low Alloyed Steels in Acid Chloride Media
The corrosion resistance of two kinds of low alloyed steels was studied according to the test procedures for qualification of corrosion resistant steel for cargo oil tanks issued by International Maritime Organization. The results indicated that the addition of Cu improved the corrosion resistance of the NS-D36 steel to more than three times that of the conventional D36 steel in the strong acid solution containing chloride (10% NaCl, pH=0. 85). The anodic polarization behavior of the copper-bearing steel was studied by polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and alloying element Cu showed beneficial effects including an active potential range, low current density and high transfer resistance of electric charge. The rust layer was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and the results pointed out that the mechanism of copper′s beneficial effects was based on the suppression of anodic dissolution by metallic copper re-deposition on the steel surface immersed in the strong acid chloride media.
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 619-624 [
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625
Chang-gen SHI,Yu WANG,Si-jing LI,Jun YOU
Application and Experiment on the Least-action Principle of Explosive Welding of Stainless Steel/Steel
In nature, many physical phenomena follow the least-action principle, which is also abided by the course of explosive welding of stainless steel/steel. The optimal welding interface can be obtained with the least explosive charge by theoretical analysis and interface test. The bonding energy can be acknowledged as the “action” in explosive welding. To minimize the bonding energy, these rules must be followed such as the lower limit of explosive charge, the upper limit of span and the explosive of critical explosion velocity. The principle of least-action is achieved in the course of explosive welding, and the interface will be optimum.
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 625-629 [
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630
De-ning ZOU,Rong LIU,Jiao LI,Wei ZHANG,Duo WANG,Ying HAN,
Corrosion Resistance and Semiconducting Properties of Passive Films Formed on 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 Supermartensitic Stainless Steel in Cl- Environment
The semiconducting properties of passive films grown on 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel were investigated in comparison with conventional 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for the studies. 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 steel exhibited a good corrosion resistance performance, attributing to its passive capability. The results of Mott-Schottky analysis demonstrated n-type semiconductors for the passive films with doping densities of about 1020-1021 cm-3, and the thickness of space-charge layers was also calculated. The experimental results confirmed that Mo plays an important role in improving the corrosion resistance of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 steel due to its impact on the doping density.
2014 Vol. 21 (6): 630-636 [
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