钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2019 Vol. 26 No. 5
Published: 2019-05-25
Original Paper
Original Paper
423
Li-qing Chen
Preface
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 423-424 [
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425
Hou-long Liu, Ming-yu Ma, Ling-ling Liu, Liang-liang Wei, Li-qing Chen
Effect of W addition on hot deformation and precipitation behaviors of 19Cr2Mo ferritic stainless steel
The hot deformation behavior of 19Cr2Mo and 19Cr2Mo1W ferritic stainless steels was studied by using uniaxial hot compression tests on a thermomechanical simulator. The hot deformation was carried out at temperature ranging from 800 to 1150 °C and strain rates from 0.01 to 10 s-1. Microstructure change and precipitation behavior during hot deformation were investigated by optical microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of temperature and strain rate on deformation behavior were obtained by a classical equation in Zener–Hollomon parameter. Since W addition to 19Cr2Mo1W steel could refine the size of the precipitates to enhance the precipitation strengthening and also had the effect of solution strengthening, the dynamic recrystallization, dynamic recovery and grain growth of 19Cr2Mo1W ferritic stainless steel were inhibited to a certain extent. The precipitate size of 19Cr2Mo1W steel was finer than that of 19Cr2Mo steel under the same deformation condition, which is due to the fact that the atomic diffusion is suppressed by W addition. W addition increased the amount of Laves phase in 19Cr2Mo1W steel, and thus Laves phase in 19Cr2Mo1W steel could be formed at higher temperature than that in 19Cr2Mo steel.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 425-434 [
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435
Tian-hai Wu, Jian-jun Wang, Hua-bing Li, Zhou-hua Jiang, Chun-ming Liu, Hong-yang Zhang
Effect of heat input on austenite microstructural evolution of simulated heat affected zone in 2205 duplex stainless steel
The effect of simulated welding thermal cycle on the microstructure and impact toughness of heat affected zone (HAZ) in 2205 duplex stainless steel was investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and room temperature impact test. The results show that the morphology and volume fraction of austenite change greatly with heat input. The amount of residual austenite and grain boundary austenite (GBA) decreases while Widmansta¨tten austenite (WA) laths and intergranular austenite increase with the increase in heat input. Only the fine equiaxed austenite exists in the HAZ when the heat input is increased up to 61.8 kJ/cm. WA laths nucleate initially either at the ferrite and GBA phase boundaries or directly in ferrite grains and begin to decompose into diamond-shaped austenite with the heat input larger than 25.2 kJ/cm. The impact toughness shows a non-monotonic variation, which is related to the increase in austenite fraction and the formation and the decomposition of WA laths.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 435-441 [
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442
Wen-tao Wang, Jiao Zhang, Feng-li Sui, Zhi-xia Zhang, Hong-yun Bi
A comparison of deformation, microstructure, mechanical properties and formability of SUS436L stainless steel in tandem and reversible cold rolling processes
A comparison was made for the deformation, microstructure, mechanical properties and formability of SUS436L stainless steel in tandem and reversible cold rolling processes. At first, the thermophysical parameters and stress–strain curves of SUS436L steel were measured in temperature range of 293–573 K and a flow stress model was regressed from the data of these curves. An analytical model based on the elasto-plastic finite element method was then established to simulate the tandem and the reversible cold rolling processes of SUS436L stainless steel strip where the flow stress model was introduced. The difference in shear strain distribution, microstructure, mechanical properties and formability of SUS436L steel strip in the two rolling processes was analyzed. The results showed that the larger shear strain, the enhanced intensity of c fiber texture and the excellent formability of the strip can be easily obtained in the tandem rolling process with the larger work roll rather than the reversible rolling process with the smaller work roll.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 442-451 [
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452
Jian Wang, Wan-li Chen, Hao-jie Meng, Yi-shi Cui, Cai-li Zhang, Pei-de Han
Influence of sigma phase on corrosion and mechanical properties of 2707 hyper-duplex stainless steel aged for short periods
2707 hyper-duplex stainless steels (HDSSs) contain high contents of alloying elements (Cr, Ni, Mo and N), which may shorten the incubation period and promote both nucleation and growth of sigma (r) phase. 2707 HDSS was first aged at different temperatures and periods of time for drawing the time–temperature–transformation profiles. The results identified the main precipitates as r phase, with nose temperature of about 950 C. Also, 2707 specimen was aged at 950 C for a short time, and the morphology, distribution and amount of r phase were examined through the scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. r phase was initially formed at the boundaries of ferrite and austenite and then transformed through the eutectoid reaction. Finally, the precipitation and growth of r phase in 2707 steels aged at nose temperature for a short period reduced the corrosion resistance and deteriorated the mechanical properties, and the corresponding reason was further analyzed.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 452-461 [
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462
Yang-fan Jin, Tuo Zhang, Qi-yu Zang, Yi-tao Yang
Behavior of Nb influence on structure and properties of 30Cr13 cast martensitic stainless steel
The microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 30Cr13 martensitic stainless steel (MSS) with different Nb contents were investigated by using the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, HRC hardness measurement apparatus and tensile testing machine. Nb was found to retard the formation of austenite and promote the precipitation of carbides by calculating. The results showed that the addition of 0.2 wt.% Nb elements could improve the strength and corrosion resistance of 30Cr13 martensitic stainless steels while the reduction in toughness was less because of the inhibited effect on Cr-rich carbides precipitation by Nb addition. Specially, M23C6-type carbides almost disappeared in 0.6Nb-MSS. Moreover, the main existent form of Nb element was NbC and the strong carbide-forming ability of Nb element increased the quantity of carbides with the morphology changing from sphericaltype to chain-type. 0.2Nb-MSS shows excellent strength, adequate toughness and sufficient corrosion resistance for the application.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 462-471 [
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472
Xiao-wei Feng, Juan Xie, Wen-ying Xue, Yong-feng Shen, Hong-bo Wang, Zhen-yu Liu
Microstructure and nanoindentation hardness of shot-peened ultrafine-grained low-alloy steel
The effect of shot peening (SP) on microstructure and hardness of ultrafine-grained (UFG) low-alloy steel was investigated. With increasing shot-peening time from 0.5 to 1.5 h, grain size of UFG low-alloy steel decreases from 400 to 280 nm at surface whilst that of the layer with a depth of 160 lm decreases from (230 ± 15) to (75 ± 5) nm. Interestingly, nanoindentation shows that hardness increases linearly with increasing the SP duration, reaching a value as high as (7.10 ± 0.1) GPa at the depth of 160 lm after the SP duration of 1.5 h. The thickness of the SP treated layer is measured as
300 lm. The Hall–Petch (H–P) relationship was established for the hardening layer. Correspondingly, abrasion resistance should be
51% higher than that of as-prepared UFG low-alloy steel. As shown in SP processing, grain refinement is the key factor responsible for the strengthening of the studied steel.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 472-482 [
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483
Jin-bo Gu, Hua-qing Liu, Jing-yuan Li, Yan-bin Jiang, Rui-jin Chang
Effect of nitrogen on microstructure and secondary hardening of H21 die steel
The effect of nitrogen on the microstructure and secondary hardening of H21 die steel was studied by using scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and dilatometer. The results demonstrate that nitrogen can enhance the secondary hardening behavior of H21 hot-working die steel without toughness lose. Nitrogen addition increases the austenitic phase zone, decreasing austenite transformation temperature and martensite transformation temperature, thereby increasing the retained austenite stability. Retained austenite in quenched steel can dissolve a large quantity of alloy, thereby decreasing the coarsening rate of the precipitates. Trace nitrogen could intensify the refinement of pearlite by decreasing the diffusion rate of alloying element into carbides. Nitrogen increases the amounts and precipitation temperature of the undissolved V(C, N) and suppresses the growth of prior austenite before quenching. During tempering process, parts of nitrogen in V(C, N) dissolved back into the matrix, resulting in the distorting lattice of ferrite, thereby reinforcing the matrix. Meanwhile, the solid-dissolved nitrogen inhibits the growth of carbides by decreasing the diffusion rate of alloying elements.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 483-489 [
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490
Lan Wang, Jing-han Yang, Yang Li, Jie Song, Yun-xue Jin, Shu-qi Wang
Wear behavior of TC11 and AISI M2 in pin–disk tribo-system
The wear behavior and mechanism of TC11 (pins) and AISI M2 (disks) under different test conditions were studied. The results show that tribo-layers formed on the worn surfaces of both TC11 alloy and AISI M2 steel. As for TC11 alloys at 25?C, the wear rate increased to high values with an increase in the load; and abrasive wear and adhesive wear prevailed. However, at 600 ?C, the wear rate decreased sharply and oxidative wear prevailed. As for AISI M2 steels, at 25 and 600 ?C, the wear rates were relatively low. The wear mechanisms at 25 and 600 ?C were abrasive wear and oxidative wear, respectively. The wear rates of AISI M2 steel were lower than those of TC11 alloy at 25 and 600 ?C. The wear performance of the tribo-pair was noticed to be closely related to their mutual contact mode except for the test conditions and the pin and disk materials, and the intermittent contact mode reduced wear of AISI M2 steel.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 490-500 [
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501
Hao-nan Lou, Chao Wang, Bing-xing Wang, Zhao-dong Wang, R.D.K. Misra
Effect of Ti–Mg–Ca treatment on properties of heat-affected zone after high heat input welding
The combined influence of Mg and Ca treatment on the properties of heat-affected zone (HAZ) of low-carbon steel after high heat input welding was systematically studied. Experimental steels deoxidized with different elements were prepared, i.e., C–Mn steel with Al, Ti–Ca steel with Ti and Ca, Ti–Mg–Ca steel with Ti, Mg and Ca. Results showed that the inclusions in C–Mn steel were mainly Al2O3 and MnS with low density and large size. However, the average size was refined to only
0.34 lm in Ti–Mg–Ca steel and the amount increased remarkably. Microstructure of simulated HAZ for 200 kJ/cm changed from ferrite side plates or upper bainite to acicular ferrite after treatment with Ti, Mg and Ca. Ca addition decreased the strain field around inclusions and enhanced the ability of acicular ferrite nucleation. In situ observation of Ti–Mg–Ca steel showed that the movement of austenite grain boundaries was retarded and nucleation sites of acicular ferrite were greater than Ti–Ca steel because of Mg addition. Impact energy of HAZ at - 40 ?C was increased from 7 to 232 J and showed excellent stability because of Ti–Mg–Ca treatment. High volume fraction of acicular ferrite acted as obstacles toward cleavage cracks.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 501-511 [
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512
Tong-bang An, Jin-shan Wei, Lin Zhao, Ji-guo Shan, Zhi-ling Tian
Influence of carbon content on microstructure and mechanical properties of 1000 MPa deposited metal by gas metal arc welding
The effects of carbon content (0.078–0.100 wt.%) on the microstructure and properties of 1000 MPa grade deposited metal produced by gas metal arc welding have been investigated. Experimental results show that the microstructure of the deposited metal was mainly composed of martensite, bainite and retained austenite. With increasing carbon content, the proportion of martensite increased, and the amount of bainite was reduced. High carbon content is beneficial to strength, but harmful to impact toughness, and thus, carbon reductions lead to the increase in impact toughness. When the carbon content was 0.100 wt.%, the lowest Charpy absorbed energy of 47 J at - 40 ?C for the deposited metal was achieved, the highest yield strength of 1038 MPa was attained, and the yield-to-tensile ratio was more than 0.88, while the highest Charpy absorbed energy of 55.7 J at - 40 ?C and the lowest yield strength of 915 MPa were obtained when the deposited metal contains 0.078 wt.% C, and the yield-to-tensile ratio was less than 0.85. It is concluded that bainite fraction and fine effective grain size were the dominant factors to achieve good comprehensive mechanical properties (the required strength and an acceptable toughness) of deposited metals with various carbon contents.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 512-518 [
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519
Xiao-ming Li, Ming Lv, Wei-dong Yin, Jun-xue Zhao, Ya-ru Cui
Desulfurization thermodynamics experiment of stainless steel pickling sludge
A technical idea of returning stainless steel pickling sludge to smelting process so as to recycle valuable metals of Fe, Cr, and Ni was proposed, expecting to realize sludge detoxification and resource utilization. Thermodynamics calculation showed that not only most valuable elements including Fe, Cr and Ni, but also the harmful element of sulfur in pickling sludge can be enriched into molten metal. As a result, a theoretical study on desulfurization thermodynamics of sludge pretreatment was conducted, and results indicated that complete desulfurization temperature of pure pickling sludge was above 1400 ?C. When 0.5–0.8% carbon was added as reducing agent, the complete desulfurization temperature was reduced to 1000 ?C or below. Desulfurization roasting experiment indicated that desulfurization rate at 1400 ?C under inert environment was 78.74% and maximum desulfurization rate at 1000 ?C under reducing environment was 91.62%.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 519-528 [
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529
Qi Zhang, Hui Li, Jia-lin Ma, Hua-yan Xu, Bo-yang Yu, Gang Wang, Shan Jiang
Dynamic forecasting and optimal scheduling of by-product gases in integrated iron and steel works
The by-product gases, which are generated in ironmaking, coking and steelmaking processes, can be used as fuel for the metallurgical processes and on-site power plants. However, if the supply and demand of by-product gases are imbalanced, gas flaring may occur, leading to energy wastage and environmental pollution. Therefore, optimal scheduling of by-product gases is important in iron and steel works. A BP_LSSVM model, which combines back-propagation (BP) neural network and least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), and an improved mixed integer linear programming model were proposed to forecast the surplus gases and allocate them optimally. To maximize energy utilization, the stability of gas holders and boilers was considered and a concise heuristic procedure was proposed to assign penalties for boilers and gas holders. Moreover, the optimal level of gas holder was studied to enhance the stability of the gas system. Compared to the manual operation, the optimal results showed that the electricity generated by the power plant increased by 2.93% in normal condition and by 22.2% in overhaul condition. The proposed model minimizes the total cost by optimizing the boiler load with less adjustment frequency and the stability of gas holders and can be used as a guidance in dynamic forecasting and optimal scheduling of by-product gases in integrated iron and steel works.
2019 Vol. 26 (5): 529-546 [
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