JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL

钢铁研究学报(英文版)

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	2020 Vol. 27 No. 3
	Published: 2020-03-25



	Original Paper

Original Paper

	239	Jie Li, Hai-fei An, Wei-xing Liu, Ai-min Yang, Man-sheng Chu
		Effect of basicity on metallurgical properties of magnesium fluxed pellets ^Hot!
		Magnesium fluxed pellets are the focus of blast furnace burden research for reducing environmental load. The pelletizing, roasting and metallurgical properties of a Chinese fine magnetite ore with the addition of magnesium flux were experi- mentally tested, and the effects of basicity on the consolidation behavior, compressive strength, and reducibility of magnesium fluxed pellets were systematically clarified. Then, the mechanisms were analyzed by means of thermodynamics calculation and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry analysis methods. The results show that the consolidation behavior of magnesium fluxed pellets during roasting process was obviously promoted with increasing the basicity of the magnesium fluxed pellets. The compressive strength increased firstly and then decreased, reaching the maximum value of 2352 N/pellet with the basicity of 1.0. The reduction degree increased gradually with enhancing the basicity owing to the fact that the decomposition of the added CaCO3 could increase the porosity of pellets, thereby increasing the CO diffusion in pellet during reduction. Simultaneously, the reduction swelling index was improved with increasing the basicity because the generated calcium ferrite could effectively suppress the growth of iron whiskers.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 239-247 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 223 )

	248	Jun-sheng Feng, Guang-tao Gao, Yousef N. Dabwan, Gang Pei, Hui Dong
		Thermal performance evaluation of subcritical organic Rankine cycle for waste heat recovery from sinter annular cooler ^Hot!
		The sinter cooling flue gas expelled from the end of an annular cooler was taken as the heat source of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system, and R123, R245fa, R600, R601 and R601a were selected as the working fluids of the ORC system. The effects of evaporation temperature and superheat degree of working fluid, as well as the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator on the system thermal performance, were analyzed in detail. The results show that the system net output power and exergy efficiency for different working fluids first increase and then decrease with an increase in the evaporation temperature and decrease with an increase in the superheat degree and pinch point temperature difference. The change in pinch point temperature difference has no effect on the system thermal efficiency. For a given operational condition, the system thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of R123 are the maximum, while the system total irreversible loss of R245fa is the maximum. When the evaporation temperature is greater than 110 °C, the system net output power of R600 is the maximum. The ORC system could obtain the maximum net output power and exergy efficiency through the adjustment of evaporation temperature of working fluid.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 248-258 [Abstract] ( 173 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 220 )

	259	Tie-lei Tian, Shuang Cai, Yu-zhu Zhang, Hong-wei Xing
		Crystallization behavior of blast?furnace slag by single hot thermocouple technique ^Hot!
		The crystallization behavior of blast-furnace slag under isothermal and continuous-cooling conditions was studied using the single hot thermocouple technique. The crystallization phases were obtained using FactSage software and X-ray diffrac- tometry. The crystallization kinetic parameters were calculated by combining these results with the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami model. Under isothermal conditions, the shortest crystallization incubation time was 24 and 18 s when the temperatures were 1300 and 1150 °C, and the corresponding critical cooling rates were 4.5 and 14.3 °C/s, respectively. At 1270 °C, the slag was difficult to crystallize and the fiber-forming rate improved. When the continuous-cooling rate was 6.5 °C/s, the slag solidified into a glassy state. The main crystallization phases, gehlenite, akermanite, anorthite, and melangite, were most easily precipitated. The growth factors of melangite and anorthite were approximately 1.63 and 1.68, respectively, which indicated that the crystals nucleated on the surface and grew in two dimensions.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 259-265 [Abstract] ( 173 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 219 )

	266	Xue-min Yang, Jin-yan Li, Fang-jia Yan, Dong-ping Duan
		Critical assessment of mixing thermodynamic functions of Fe–Al binary melts based on atom–molecule coexistence theory ^Hot!
		In order to further verify the accuracy and feasibility of the calculated mass action concentrations Ni of Al and Fe by the developed atom and molecule coexistence theory (AMCT) model, i.e., AMCT–Ni model, for representing activities aR;i of Al and Fe in Fe–Al binary melts reported in the first part of the serial studies, the molar mixing thermodynamic functions of Fe–Al binary melts over a temperature range from 1823 to 1973 K have been calculated based on Ni of Al and Fe as well as the effect of temperature on activity coefficients ci of Al and Fe as o ln ci=oT ? o lneNi=xiT=oT by the developed AMCT– Ni model, where T is absolute temperature and xi is the mole fraction of element i or compound i in metallic melts. The reported molar mixing thermodynamic functions of Fe–Al binary melts as well as the reported excess molar mixing thermodynamic functions of Fe–Al binary melts relative to ideal solution as a basis from the available literatures have been critically assessed and applied as criteria to verify the developed AMCT–Ni model. The effect of changing temperature on ci of Al and Fe, i.e., activity coefficient gradients o ln cAl oT and o ln cFe oT, which are two indispensable parameters to calculate the molar mixing thermodynamic functions of Fe–Al binary melts, can be accurately obtained by the developed AMCT–Ni model and expressed by the cubic polynomial functions. Not only the partial molar mixing thermodynamic functions of Al and Fe in Fe–Al binary melts but also the integral molar mixing thermodynamic functions of Fe–Al binary melts can be accurately calculated by the developed AMCT–Ni model. Furthermore, the excess partial and integral molar mixing thermodynamic functions of Fe–Al binary melts relative to ideal solution as a basis can also be precisely calculated by the developed AMCT–Ni model.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 266-281 [Abstract] ( 115 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 224 )

	282	Wei Wu, Qi Gao, Bo Zhang, Hua-dong Meng, Lu Lin, Jia-qing Zeng
		Reaction kinetics during direct alloying of manganese ore cored wire ^Hot!
		In order to increase the reaction rates between the molten steel and the slag and cut down the reduction time when the top slag of manganese ore is added into the molten steel, a method of directly alloying manganese ore has been experimented in a 500-kg induction furnace. The results show that the manganese yield is greater than 90% when the wire feeding method is used. The manganese yield is 43.26% within 1 min. In contrast, the manganese yield for the top-slag adding process is only 10.98% for the same duration. The mass transfer rate of the manganese is greater in the molten steel than in the slag, and the limiting factor is the mass transfer rate of the manganese in the slag in the period of 10?30 min. The slag composition area is closer to the area of high melting point for the wire feeding method than for the top-slag adding process. During the slagging process, refining slag composed of CaO and SiO2 is formed after 15 min; after 25?30 min, refining slag with a high basicity is formed and consists of CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 282-294 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 222 )

	295	Ran Niu, Bao-kuan Li, Zhong-qiu Liu, Xiang-long Li
		Effect of strip feeding into mold on fluid flow and heat transfer in continuous casting process ^Hot!
		Steel strip feeding into the mold during continuous casting is known as an innovative technology. The newly applied technology is designed to further improve the slab quality. To analyze the complex phase change processes, molten sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3·5H2O) was used in the experimental investigation as a transparent analog for metallic alloys. Then, a numerical model incorporating fluid flow, heat transfer and phase change during strip feeding into the mold process was developed. The generalized enthalpy-based method was applied to describe the phase change behavior, and the porous media theory was used to model the blockage of fluid flow by the dendrites in the mushy zone between the strip and melt as well as the solidified shell and melt. The validated model was then used for the simulation of the real strip feeding into the mold process in an industrial scale. The whole shape of the strip under the effect of jet flow from the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) was presented. Results show that the strip will reach a pseudo-steady state after experiencing steel sheath formation, steel sheath melting and strip melting processes. When using the feeding method that is the strip narrow side toward the SEN in the present condition, the strip immersion length can reach 4.5 m below the meniscus and the slab centerline temperature can be decreased by 21 K to a maximum. When the strip feeding speed increased from 0.3 to 0.5 m/s, the minimum temperature of the centerline could be lowered by 4 K or so.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 295-309 [Abstract] ( 171 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 223 )

	310	Qian Long, Jun-qi Li, Chao-yi Chen, Yuan-pei Lan, Guo-ling Wei
		Optimization of iron and aluminum recovery in bauxite ^Hot!
		Recovering iron and aluminum efficiently is the key route to utilize low-grade high-iron bauxite. Aiming to optimize the iron separating process and elevate both Fe and Al recovery ratio, three different Fe–Al recovery processes with different magnetic roasting (R), Bayer leaching process (L) and magnetic separation (S) orders were investigated. The studied processes include bauxite leaching → red mud roasting → magnetic separation (L–R–S), bauxite roasting → magnetic separation → leaching (R–S–L) and bauxite roasting → leaching → magnetic separation (R–L–S). The iron recovery ratio, Fe2O3 content in iron concentration and the bauxite dissolution ratio of each process were investigated. Moreover, the optimizations of the leaching, roasting and magnetic separation conditions were studied. Results indicate that the R–S–L process should be an advisable order to recover both alumina and iron. In the three processes, the R–S–L route had the highest alumina dissolution ratio and iron recovery ratio, which was 86.20% and 69.58%, respectively, while the Fe2O3 content of the iron concentrate was 40.66%.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 310-318 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 217 )

	319	Sang-in Lee, Byoungchul Hwang
		Correlation of microstructure with tensile behavior and properties of API X70 pipeline steels subjected to strain aging ^Hot!
		Variations in tensile behavior and properties after pre-strain and thermal aging were differently affected by strain aging phenomenon dependent on microstructure. With increasing polygonal ferrite fraction, decrement in uniform elongation is increased, and the increment in yield-to-tensile ratio is slightly decreased after pre-strain and thermal aging. Therefore, it can be concluded that the polygonal ferrite has contradictory effects on strain aging resistance although the polygonal ferrite still contributes to improvement of uniform elongation after strain aging.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 319-324 [Abstract] ( 155 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 234 )

	325	Zhi-ming Li, Xiang Li, Lei Yang, Zheng-yan Shen, Bi-lei Wang, Shun-li Zhao, Gao-fei Liang, Chang-jiang Song
		Effect of coiling and annealing temperatures on yield point behavior of low?carbon steel ^Hot!
		Low-carbon steel is widely used for household appliance and automotive panel steel because of its excellent plasticity. Unfortunately, yield point phenomena easily appear in the low-carbon steel produced by a continuous annealing process and cause degradation to the surface quality during processing. The effect of the coiling temperature (600–750 °C) and annealing temperature (740–820 °C) on the yield point behavior is studied. Tensile tests show that coiling temperature has a greater effect on yield point elongation (YPE) and aging index (AI) than the annealing temperature. Microstructure observations show that coiling temperature at 750 °C would make the micron-sized carbides appearing at the grain boundary disappear and a number of dispersed nanoscale carbides precipitate in grain interior, corresponding to the highest solid solution car- bon content in the matrix of 750 °C coiled sample. The experimental results suggest that AI rather than YPE has a positive relationship with the solid solution carbon content of the low-carbon steel. And YPE has a positive relationship with the upper/lower yield strength.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 325-333 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 238 )

	334	Hu Chen, Chi Zhang, Hao Chen, Zhi-gang Yang, Lei Chen
		Understanding microstructure-evolution-dependent fracture behaviors in pearlitic steels ^Hot!
		Microstructure evolution or degradation has been well recognized to be closely related to the formation of microcracks in pearlitic rails and wheels. The rolling contact fatigue machine was employed to simulate the rail–wheel contact, and the microstructure evolution and crack formation of pearlitic steels subjected to rolling–sliding contact loading were then experimentally characterized. To further quantitatively predict the fracture behaviors, a phase-field model was herein established to investigate the cyclic loading-driven microstructure evolution and the microstructure-dependent fracture resistance in pearlite. The coupling of microstructure evolution and crack propagation was realized through the intro- duction of two-set order parameters, i.e., the crack field and the microstructure field, and the microstructure-dependent fracture toughness. The proposed model can predict the fracture resistance of microstructure at different depths from the contact surface, after different rolling cycles and with different initial pearlitic microstructures, which can shed light on the design of damage-resistant microstructure of pearlitic steels.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 334-341 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 239 )

	342	Xiang-ju Shi, Yong-feng Liang, Bin-bin Liu, Bao Zhang, Feng Ye
		Warm deformation behavior and work-softening mechanism of Fe– 6.5wt.%Si alloy ^Hot!
		Warm deformation behavior of the Fe–6.5wt.%Si alloy was studied by isothermal compression in the temperature range of 300–700 °C. The results show that the influence of the ordered phases on the flow stress gradually weakens with increasing deformation temperature. The flow stress of the furnace-cooled sample with the high degree of order at 300 °C is higher than that of the quenched sample with the low degree of order, and the flow stresses of both samples are nearly the same at 500–700 °C. The hardness difference between two samples deformed at 500 °C gradually decreases with increasing strain, accompanying with a reduction in hardness of the furnace-cooled sample, which indicates a work-softening behavior. The analyses of dislocation configurations and ordered structure suggest that the dynamic recovery and deformation-induced disorder result in the work-softening behavior. An appropriate deformation temperature window for improving the formability of the Fe–6.5wt.%Si alloy is about 500–600 °C.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 342-354 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 244 )

	355	Yu-cheng Zhang, Yang Meng, Gui-bin Cui, Hui-ping Jia, Xin-hua Ju, Zhong-hang Jiang, Ze-jun Ma
		Analysis of retained austenite in TRIP590 steel by electron backscattered diffraction method ^Hot!
		The retained austenite content in TRIP590 steel was first measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Then, the effect of different test parameters (indexing rate, step size, field number, etc.) on the measured results of retained austenite content in TRIP590 steel by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) method was studied. By comparing the measured results between XRD and EBSD method, the optimal test parameters for the analysis of retained austenite content using EBSD were determined. Finally, the total content of retained austenite and the retained austenite contents with different aspect ratios in TRIP590 steel were analyzed, respectively. The results showed that the test parameters have a great influence on the measured results of retained austenite content in TRIP590 steel. In order to improve the test accuracy, high indexing rates, small step sizes and more field number are necessary for the analysis of retained austenite content in TRIP590 steel by EBSD method.
		2020 Vol. 27 (3): 355-365 [Abstract] ( 159 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 213 )

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