JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL

钢铁研究学报(英文版)

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	2021 Vol. 28 No. 4
	Published: 2021-04-25



	Orginal Article

Orginal Article

	383	Jing‑jing Pei, Jin‑hu Wu, Wen‑qing Huo, Yu‑zhu Zhang, Hong‑wei Xing, Qian‑qian Ren
		Structure characterization and grinding performance of gas-quenched steel slag abrasive ^Hot!
		Gas-quenched steel slag abrasive was obtained by gas quenching with high-temperature liquid steel slag as raw material. The phase composition, thermal properties, micromorphology, magnetic properties, and mechanical properties of the particles were characterized by using an X-ray diffractometer, a differential thermal analyzer, a scanning electron microscope, a magnetic property meter, and a compressive strength tester, respectively. Results show that the gas-quenched steel slag abrasive is a monodisperse regular sphere. The compressive strength of a single particle is 34 N. The product is ferromagnetic and has good thermal properties. The micromorphology and flatness of the workpiece before and after grinding with the gas-quenched steel slag abrasive were measured using a three-dimensional profilometer. Results reveal that the surface roughness of the workpiece is reduced to 1.526, 0.623, and 0.227 μm after grinding for 5, 10, and 20 min, respectively. The surface profile fluctuation decreases to ± 1.0 μm. Thus, the workpiece surface tends to be flat without obvious scratches.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 383-390 [Abstract] ( 87 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 207 )

	391	Chun‑chao Huang, Xiao‑jun Ning, Guang‑wei Wang, Jian‑liang Zhang, Zheng‑fu Peng, Hai‑peng Teng
		Experimental research on semi-coke for blast furnace injection ^Hot!
		The combustion properties and grindability of Shenmu low-rank coal (SM) and its four different semi-cokes were studied by the self-designed equipment and Hardgrove method. The four semi-cokes were obtained under the pyrolysis temperature of 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C, named as SM-400, SM-500, SM-600 and SM-700, respectively. The analyses of nitrogen adsorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and Raman spectra were carried out to explain the change in combustion ratio and grindability. The result showed that the specific surface area of samples had an essential effect on the combustion ratio of SM-400 and SM-500. Meanwhile, the grindability depended on the strength of coal matrix, and the augment of pore amounts would increase the grindability. The functional groups and graphitization degree of the same sample were identical with the combustion ratio. With the pyrolysis upgrading temperature increasing, the combustion ratio of sample decreased, corresponding to the decrease in the benzene ring and the increase in graphitization degree. In addition, the thermogravimetric analysis was carried out, and the result was compared against what was shown in the data of combustion ratio. For pulverized coal injection, the combustion ratio was more intuitive and more accurate than combustibility.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 391-401 [Abstract] ( 69 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 202 )

	402	Lei Cao, De-li Shang, Xin-gang Ai, Peng-liang Jin, Yuan-you Xiao, Guo-cheng Wang, Chun-wei Liu
		Effect of trace Si on MgOAl2O3 inclusion in ultra-low-carbon steel ^Hot!
		There are four types of Mg–Al–Si–O inclusions observed in the Mg-treated Al-deoxidized ultra-low-carbon steel containing trace Si, including SiO2, 2MgOSiO2, 3Al2O32SiO2, and 2MgO2Al2O35SiO2 and their composite inclusions. Using FactSage, the phase relationship of Mg–Al–Si–O system at 1473–2073 K was calculated using FactSage software, and the change in Si content can change the stable region range of different Mg–Al–Si–O-based inclusions. Based on the types of inclusions observed experimentally, the formation pathways of inclusions were predicted and a kinetic model was established to describe the formation process of the xMgOyAl2O3–Mg–Al–Si–O and xAl2O3ySiO2–Mg–Al–Si–O inclusions.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 402-412 [Abstract] ( 91 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 210 )

	413	Zhen Ning, Wei Yu, Hong-qiang Liu, Qing-wu Cai
		Effect of reduction pretreatment process on evolution of microporosity in 42CrMo billet ^Hot!
		Reduction pretreatment (RP) process, which is implemented after the billet is completely solidified, is an alternative process to further improve billet quality. Finite element method and experiment were used to investigate the effect of the RP process on the internal quality of 42CrMo billet. An ultrasonic testing technology was used to study the influence of the RP process on the micro-porosities. Through a three-dimensional finite element model, the mechanism of the RP process on the porosity closure was studied. The experimental results show that the RP process eliminates the macro-porosities of the billet center. The number of micro-porosities in the billets is effectively reduced, and the increase in deformation contributes to the reduction in micro-porosities. Compared with isothermal rolling, the RP process leads to a larger equivalent strain and hydrostatic integration in the billet center because of the temperature gradient, and the effect of the temperature gradient is greater with the increase in deformation. The closure effect of micro-porosity is related not only to the stress state, but also to the distribution of micro-porosity. The increase in three-dimensional compressive stress is beneficial to the porosity closure. If the micro-porosities distributed densely, excessive stress could induce micro-porosity coalescence, which has the risk of inducing cracks.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 413-423 [Abstract] ( 100 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 173 )

	424	Sheng-kui Yin, Sen Luo, Wen-jie Zhang, Wei-ling Wang, Miao-yong Zhu
		Numerical simulation of macrosegregation in continuously cast gear steel 20CrMnTi with final electromagnetic stirring ^Hot!
		A 3D/2D hybrid multi-physical-field mathematical model, which takes into consideration the thermosolutal buoyance, was developed to predict the macrosegregation of gear steel 20CrMnTi continuously cast by a curved billet caster with size of 160 mm 9 160 mm, and investigated the effect of final electromagnetic stirring (F-EMS) on the fluid flow, heat transfer and solute distribution in the liquid core of continuously cast steel. The results show that the application of F-EMS eliminates the effect of thermosolutal buoyancy on the asymmetric distribution of carbon concentration in the cross section of billet and accelerates the final solidification of resident molten steel in the liquid core of strand, but promotes the negative carbon segregation near the billet center. When the gear steel 20CrMnTi is cast at the temperature of 1803 K and speed of 1.7 m/min, the solidification end advances forward from 9.84 to 9.72 m, and center carbon segregation ratio of billet decreases from 1.24 to 1.17 with the increase in current density of F-EMS from 0 to 350 A.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 424-436 [Abstract] ( 77 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 164 )

	437	Zheng-hai Zhu, Li Zhou, Fei He, Xiao-fang Shi, Li-zhong Chang, Hai-jun Wang, Hong-biao Dong
		Effect of electropulsing on austenite to ferrite transformation in low carbon steel ^Hot!
		We explore the application of electropulsing for the control of phase transformation in a low-carbon steel. The effect of electropulsing on the transformation from austenite to ferrite in continuous casting low-carbon steel slab has been studied through experimental and thermodynamic investigations. The results reveal that electropulsing promotes the precipitation of ferrite within austenite grain in the low-carbon steel. When the electropulsing intensity increases, the precipitation of ferrite increases within austenite grains, and ferrite omentum precipitates become thinner along the austenite grain boundary. The results provide a basis for controlling the austenite to ferrite transformation in low-carbon steel.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 437-444 [Abstract] ( 62 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 167 )

	445	Li-dong Xia, Hao Chen, Zhi-gang Yang, Chi Zhang
		Experimental and theoretical analysis of equilibrium segregation and radiation-induced segregation of Cr at grain boundaries in a reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel ^Hot!
		Helium ion irradiation at 350 °C was performed to study equilibrium segregation and radiation-induced segregation (RIS) of Cr at grain boundaries in reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels. Cr concentration at grain boundary was measured by scanning transmission electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive spectrometer. The measured Cr concentration at grain boundaries in heat treated zone was 11.7 and 12.8 wt.% in irradiated zone, respectively, which matched well to the calculated results from Mclean and modified Perk model. Equilibrium segregation and RIS of Cr mechanisms were theoretically analysed. The analysis indicates that as temperature rises, equilibrium Cr segregation decreases monotonically, while RIS of Cr has a bell-shape profile, which increases first and then decreases. It is also shown that at low and high temperatures, equilibrium segregation of Cr is higher than that of RIS; at intermediate temperatures, equilibrium Cr segregation is lower than RIS.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 445-452 [Abstract] ( 56 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 206 )

	453	Wen-zhui Wei, Kai-ming Wu, Jing Liu, Lin Cheng, Xian Zhang
		Initiation and propagation of localized corrosion induced by (Zr, Ti, Al)-Ox inclusions in low-alloy steels in marine environment ^Hot!
		The effects of inclusions on localized corrosion of Zr–Ti deoxidized low-alloy steels in marine environment were investigated by various analytical techniques including scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis (SEM/ EDS), confocal Raman microscopy (CRM), and in situ scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET). It was found that complex (Zr, Ti, Al)-Ox inclusions were responsible for the initiation of localized corrosion. Localized corrosion preferentially occurred at Fe matrix adjacent to these inclusions and formed micro-gaps. In the early stage of corrosion, catalytic-occluded cells and the diffusion of chloride ions played a major role in the propagation of corrosion, further accelerating the dissolution of Fe matrix and (Zr, Ti, Al)-Ox inclusions. Combining SVET and CRM results, it revealed that the maximum anodic current density in local area gradually decreased with prolonged exposure time, indicating that corrosion products covered the steel surface and lowered the propagation rate of corrosion. In the later stage of corrosion, the barrier effect of corrosion products played an important role in inhibiting localized corrosion.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 453-463 [Abstract] ( 90 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 185 )

	464	Fei Zhu, Feng Chai, Xiao-bing Luo, Zheng-yan Zhang, Cai-fu Yang
		Strengthening and toughening mechanism of a Cu-bearing highstrength low-alloy steel with refined tempered martensite/bainite (M/ B) matrix and minor inter-critical ferrite ^Hot!
		The microstructure–mechanical property relationship of a Cu-bearing low-carbon high-strength low-alloy steel, subjected to a novel multistage heat treatment including quenching (Q), lamellarization (L) and tempering (T), is presented. Yield strength of 989.5 MPa and average toughness at - 80 °C of 41 J were obtained in this steel after quenching and tempering (QT) heat treatments. Specimen QLT gained a little lower yield strength (982.5 MPa), but greatly enhanced average toughness at - 80 °C (137 J). To further clarify the strengthening and toughening mechanisms in specimen QLT, parameters of microstructural characteristic and crack propagation process were compared and analyzed for specimens Q, QL, QT and QLT. The microstructure of tempered martensite/bainite (M/B) in specimen QT changed to refined tempered M/B matrix mixed with minor IF (inter-critical ferrite) in specimen QLT. Cu-rich precipitates existed in tempered M/B for both specimens QT and QLT, as well as in IF. Compared with QT, adding a lamellarization step before tempering made the effective grains of specimen QLT refined and also led to coarser Cu-rich precipitates in tempered M/B matrix. The weaker strengthening effect of coarser Cu-rich precipitates should be a key reason for the slightly lower yield strength in specimen QLT than in specimen QT. No austenite was found in all specimens Q, QL, QT and QLT. Specimen QLT showed purely ductile fracture mode at - 80 °C due to the refined effective grains. The greatly improved toughness is mainly attributed to the enhanced energy of crack propagation. The combination of refined microstructure, softened matrix and deformation of minor ‘soft’ IF during crack propagation led to the most superior toughness of specimen QLT among all specimens.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 464-478 [Abstract] ( 69 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 202 )

	479	Qian Gao, Xian-hui Wang, Jun Li, Jian Gong, Bo Li
		Effect of aluminum on secondary recrystallization texture and magnetic properties of grain-oriented silicon steel ^Hot!
		The slab low-temperature reheating grain-oriented silicon steel was prepared in the laboratory, and the high-temperature annealing interruption tests were carried out. The effects of aluminum (which meant acid-soluble aluminum) on the grain size texture, precipitate, magnetic properties and their correlations were studied. The results showed that with the increase in aluminum element, the grain size decreased, while the intensity of {114}\481[ and {111}\112[ textures increased in the primary recrystallization structure. Meanwhile, the pinning force during the secondary recrystallization and the onset secondary recrystallization temperature were increased. The precipitates were concluded to have a more important role on determining the onset secondary recrystallization temperature than the primary grain size. The higher onset temperature resulted in sharper Goss texture and the better magnetic properties, but when the aluminum content came up to a certain extent, a fine-grain structure was developed. The most suitable aluminum content for present study was 0.025 wt.%, while the onset secondary recrystallization temperature and the primary texture were considered to be conducive to the sharpness of Goss texture.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 479-487 [Abstract] ( 78 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 198 )

	488	Guo-qiang Zhang, Xiao-fei He, Qian-zhen Zhang, Wen-jun Wang, Mao-qiu Wang
		Comparison of microstructure and heat treatment distortion of gear steels with and without Nb addition ^Hot!
		In order to research the effect of microalloying Nb, the microstructure and heat treatment distortion of case carburizing steels with and without Nb addition are compared. Results show that a uniform and fine prior austenite grain size was obtained for the steel with the addition of 0.03 wt.% Nb even after being carburized at 980 °C for 37 h, resulting in a very deep hardened layer of about 4 mm. Nb is an effective microalloying element to hinder austenite grain growth of gears during high-temperature carburizing. Theoretical calculation and experimental observation of NbC precipitates indicate that fine NbC precipitates have not evidently dissolved at 980 °C, and thus they can act as grain refiners due to pinning effect. Heat treatment distortion of Nb-added steel is much lower than that of the steel without Nb addition. It may be contributed to its fine and uniform grain size, which presumably influences stress during martensitic transformation.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 488-495 [Abstract] ( 95 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 221 )

	496	Yu‑lu Li, Yue Zhao, Lin Shen, Hao Wu, He‑guo Zhu
		Microstructure and mechanical properties of in situ (TiC + SiC)/FeCrCoNi high entropy alloy matrix composites ^Hot!
		In situ (TiC+ SiC) particles (5 vol.% and 10 vol.%, respectively)-reinforced FeCrCoNi high entropy alloy matrix composites were fabricated via vacuum inductive melting method, with equal volume fractions of TiC and SiC particles. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and energy diffraction spectrum were employed to analyze the microstructure and composition of the samples. The results manifested that the FeCrCoNi matrix is composed of FCC phase, and the in situ particles are homogeneously scattered in the matrix. The presence of reinforcements augmented the ultimate tensile strength from 452 to 783 MPa, and raised the yield strength from 162 to 466 MPa at room temperature, whereas the elongation to fracture was reduced from 70.6% to 28.6%. All the tensile fracture surfaces consisted of numerous tiny dimples, indicating that the composites exhibited ductile fracture. Furthermore, the enhancement of strength ascribes to a combination of thermal mismatch strengthening, load-bearing effect, grain refinement, Orowan strengthening and solid solution strengthening effect, which contribute about 58.0%, 2.4%, 12.3%, 11.1% and 16.2% to the improvement of yield tensile strength, respectively.
		2021 Vol. 28 (4): 496-504 [Abstract] ( 93 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 192 )

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