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2023 Vol. 30 No. 8
Published: 2023-08-25
Original Paper
1463
Yan-xin Qiao, Zhi-bin Zheng, Hao-kun Yang, Jun Long, Pei-xian Han
Recent progress in microstructural evolution, mechanical and corrosion properties of medium-Mn steel
Hot!
Medium-manganese (Mn) steel (MMS) has remarkable characteristics of high strength, strong work-hardening capacity, and wear resistance, being a promising third-generation advanced high-strength steel with lower raw material cost compared with other generations of advanced high-strength steel. The chemical composition and processing route play critical roles in determining the microstructural evolution of the MMS, and the microstructure composition significantly influences the mechanical, corrosion and wear properties of the steel. Hence, a lot of research work focus on exploring the direct relation between microstructural evolution and mechanical/corrosion/wear properties, and the progress has the following crucial aspects: (1) alloying design on the phase composition and carbide precipitation, (2) processing route on regulating microstructure evolution and twinning-induced plasticity and/or transformation-induced plasticity strengthening mechanism, (3) work-hardening, corrosion, and corrosion resistance of the regulated MMS, and (4) fracture and failure mechanism of MMS under tensile, corrosion and wear damages, as well as the improvement strategies.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1463-1476 [
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Original Paper
1477
Yang Yang, Hui Su, Lan-lan Liu, Song Xu, Zhen Zhong, Xiao-bao Zhou, Tang-qing Wu
Inhibition roles of molybdate and borate on Q235 steel corrosion in resistance reducing agent
The effects of Na
2
MoO
4
and Na
2
B
4
O
7
on corrosion behavior of Q235 steel in resistance reducing agent (RRA) containing sodium bentonite were studied by mass loss, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical measurement. The results showed that both the independent and mixed additions of Na
2
MoO
4
and/or Na
2
B
4
O
7
can reduce the corrosion rate of Q235 steel in RRA containing sodium bentonite. And the inhibition effect of NNa
2
MoO
4
and/or Na
2
B
4
O
7
increased with their dosage increase. With the same dosage, the inhibition efficiency of the mixed addition of Na
2
MoO
4
and Na
2
B
4
O
7
was higher than that of their independent addition. The passivation effect of Q235 steel was easy to obtain in the RRA with the mixed addition of Na
2
MoO
4
and Na
2
B
4
O
7
. The optimized inhibitor for the RRA containing sodium bentonite was the mixture of Na
2
MoO
4
and Na
2
B
4
O
7
with a total concentration of 1.5 wt.%. Furthermore, the increase in corrosion potential E corr and the decrease in corrosion current density icorr in carbon steel were one of the important criteria for the formation of passivation film.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1477-1489 [
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1490
Chen Dong, Shen Qu, Chang-ming Fu, Zhe-feng Zhang
Failure analysis of crevice corrosion on 304 stainless steel tube heat exchanger
The cause of the premature failure of 304 stainless steel tube heat exchanger was investigated. The unique skeleton structure inside the leakage point reveals that this is a new damage mechanism caused by a δ+γ two-phase structure and crevice corrosion. The three-dimensional structure of the leakage point was demonstrated using X-ray diffraction topography. The results of scanning electron microscope examination show the microstructure of the weld to be columnar and dendritic. It is found by electron probe microscope analysis and transmission electron microscopy that columnar dendrites consisted of γ-dendrite and an amount of δ-ferrite phases at the dendrite trunk. Simulated corrosion test results confirmed that the corrosion medium was the chloride ion. Crevice corrosion of chloride ions occurred at weld defects on the inner wall thus forming a concentration cell. Grains of columnar dendrites were then corroded by chloride ions and δ-ferrite phases on the grain boundaries were retained, which formed the particular skeleton corrosion structure. As a result, it led to leakage when the corrosion of weld occurred from the inner wall to the outer wall.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1490-1498 [
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1499
Jie Xiong, Yao-lin Tong, Jie-long Peng, Sheng-hua Zhang
Strength–toughness improvement of 13Cr4NiMo martensitic stainless steel with thermal cyclic heat treatment
To improve the strength–toughness of 13Cr4NiMo martensitic stainless steel (13-4MSS), a thermal cyclic heat treatment (TCHT) combined with the advantage of tempering was proposed. The microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction, and the mechanical behaviors in terms of tensile properties and impact toughness were analyzed in correlation with microstructural evolution. It was found that grains and the martensitic matrix were refined by TCHT through the cyclic quenching transformation and austenite recrystallization, which was conducive to more nucleation quantity of reversed austenite during tempering. Two-sphericalcap nucleation model was used to explain the effect of refined grains of TCHT on the nucleation of reversed austenite. Grain refinement by TCHT improved the brittle fracture stress to reduce the ductile–brittle transition temperature and thus improved the cryogenic impact toughness of 13-4MSS. Reversed austenite distributed at the martensitic lath boundary enhances the crack arrest performance and increases the brittle fracture stress. It is concluded that reasonable TCHT plus tempering process significantly improves the strength–toughness of 13-4MSS, reflecting the comprehensive effect of grain refinement and reversed austenite.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1499-1510 [
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1511
Cheng-song Liu, Fu-kang Li, Hua Zhang, Jie Li, Yong Wang, Yuan-yuan Lu, Li Xiong, Hong-wei Ni
Mechanisms of interfacial reactions between 316L stainless steel and MnO–SiO
2
oxide during isothermal heating
Diffusion couple experiments were performed to study the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms of interfacial reactions between the 316L stainless steel and the composite MnO–SiO
2
oxide during isothermal heating at 1473 K (1200 °C) for 1, 3, 5, and 10 h and at 1173, 1273, 1373, 1473, and 1573 K (900, 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300 °C) for 3 h. Compositional variations in the 316L stainless steel and the composite MnO–SiO
2
oxide in the vicinity of the steel–oxide interface in each diffusion couple specimen were determined. Before and after isothermal heating, thermodynamic equilibria between the oxide and steel at the interface were estimated in accordance with the calculation of the Gibbs free energy change in the interfacial steel–oxide reactions. The diffusion coefficients of Mn, Cr, and Si in 316L stainless steel under different experimental conditions were quantitatively acquired. The results showed that solid-state interfacial reactions occurred between the Cr in the 316L stainless steel and composite MnO–SiO
2
oxide during isothermal heating, which resulted in the depletion of Cr and accumulation of Si and Mn in the steel in the vicinity of the steel–oxide interface. The widths of the Crdepleted zone, Mn-accumulated zone and Si-accumulated zone all showed increasing trends with increasing isothermal heating temperature and time. The average values of the diffusion coefficients of Mn, Cr, and Si in the steel at 1473 K (1200 °C) were 1.21 × 10
–14
± 2.96 × 10
–15
, 1.69 × 10
–14
± 2.54 × 10
–15
, and 1.00 × 10
–14
± 1.96 × 10
–15
m
2
s
-1
, respectively, and they continued to increase with increasing isothermal heating temperature.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1511-1523 [
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1524
Xiao-bo Cui, Tian-long Liu, Zhi-bin Zheng, Zhi-qiang Guo, Kai-hong Zheng, Pei-xian Han
Effects of Ni content and tempering temperatures on microstructure and properties of medium-carbon cast steel
The microstructure evolution and properties of medium-carbon cast steel alloyed with different Ni contents after tempering at various temperatures have been investigated. The addition of 0.47–1.59 wt.% Ni content results in the formation of 16%–36% retained austenite (RA). The blocky and irregular-polygonal RA mainly forms along the prior austenite grain boundaries, and the tempering temperature does not affect the RA content. The hardness of medium-carbon cast steel is affected by the precipitation of carbides and the hardness of martensite. Excessive RA content is the main cause of intergranular impact rupture and low impact energy. The long-strip carbides formed after tempering at 320 °C would further reduce the impact energy of medium-carbon cast steel. When tempering at 220 and 380 °C, the increase in impact energy is attributed to the formation of rod-like and spherical carbides and the low-carbon martensite. For the mediumcarbon cast steel with high impact energy, its impact-abrasive wear resistance is more excellent. Micro-cutting and delamination are the primary wear mechanisms.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1524-1536 [
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1537
Hai-liang Zhang, Ling-xu Yang, Qian Wang, Jiang-tao Wu, Suo-de Zhang, Chao-liu Zeng
Hot corrosion behaviors of 921A alloy and HVAF-sprayed Fe-based amorphous coating covered with KCl–ZnCl2 salts
Hot corrosion behaviors of the 921A alloy and Fe-based amorphous coating induced by KCl–10% ZnCl
2
and KCl–55% ZnCl
2
salts at 450 °C in air for 40 h were investigated. Results show that the 921A alloy suffers more serious corrosion damage than the coating and KCl–55% ZnCl
2
salts are more corrosive than KCl–10% ZnCl
2
salts. In the two salts, an Fe
2
O
3
layer is formed on the 921A alloy surface, while an outer Fe-rich oxide layer and an inner Cr-rich oxide layer are formed on the surface of the coating. Moreover, a certain amount of metal chloride can be found at the oxide/alloy (coating) interface, which can be explained by "active oxidation’’. However, the corrosion resistance of the Fe-based amorphous coating did not achieve the desired results, probably because the intersplats in the coating serve as corrosion diffusing channels, which facilitate the corrosion damage rate. Nevertheless, the coating is still in amorphous state after hot corrosion exposure.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1537-1549 [
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1550
Yong-kuan Zhou, Jia-jie Kang, Guo Jin, Xiu-fang Cui, Jie Zhang, Guo-zheng Ma, Zhi-qiang Fu, Li-na Zhu, Ding-shun She, Yu-yun Yang
Effect of vacuum heat treatment on microstructure and corrosion behavior of HVOF sprayed AlCoCrFeNiCu high entropy alloy coatings
To improve the corrosion resistance of coalbed methane drilling equipment, an AlCoCrFeNiCu high entropy alloy coating was prepared on the AISI 4135 (35CrMo) steel substrate by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) technology, and the coating was subjected to vacuum heat treatment (VHT) at different temperatures (500, 700, 900 and 1100 °C). The corrosion test of the substrate and the coatings after VHT in coalbed methane drilling fluid was carried out. The results show that the HVOF sprayed AlCoCrFeNiCu high entropy alloy (HEA) coating has a good bonding with the substrate, and the porosity of the coating is about 2.4%. There is partial segregation in the coating, and the coating mainly consists of body-centered cubic phase. The coating has good thermal stability, and the phase structure and microstructure of the coatings have changed after VHT at different temperatures. Compared with the substrate, the as-sprayed coating has better uniform corrosion resistance, and the corrosion resistance of the coating after VHT is further improved. After VHT at 500 °C, the HVOF-sprayed AlCoCrFeNiCu HEA coating has the best corrosion resistance.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1550-1561 [
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1562
Wen-jiao Zhang, Yan-li Wang
Performance of TiC coating prepared by in situ conversion of organic carbon film on 316L bipolar plate
TiC coating on 316L stainless steel surface is prepared by molten salt disproportionation reaction by using carbon layer converted from organic carbon solution as carbon source. The Raman and morphology characterizations show that the carbon layer and TiC coating are successfully prepared on the surface of 316L stainless steel, the prepared carbon layer and 316L matrix have good adhesion, and the prepared TiC coating is smooth and dense. In the simulated cathodic environment of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, the potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization measurements show that the TiC coating has smaller and more stable current density fluctuation than the 316L stainless steel substrate, and the electrochemical impedance test lasting for 275 h still shows better stable corrosion resistance than that of the 316L stainless steel substrate. Finally, in the water contact angle and interface contact resistance tests, the TiC coating consistently maintained better hydrophobicity and lower interface contact resistance values than 316L stainless steel.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1562-1573 [
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1574
Dong-peng Wang, Shuai Wang, Zhen Chen, Xing-cheng Xie, Zhen-zhen Dong, Hong-zhou Dong, Yi-cheng Wu, Zhen-guang Liu, Wei-li Li, Yu-xin Wang
Corrosion behavior of additive-manufactured NiFeCrMo alloys in various corrosion media
To understand the corrosion performance of additive-manufactured Ni-based in various corrosion media during the actual engineering application environment, the corrosion properties of NiFeCrMo alloys were investigated in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, 1 mol/L H
2
SO
4
solution, and 1 mol/L KOH solution, using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical measurement results revealed that the additive-manufactured NiFeCrMo alloys have higher corrosion resistance in all three solutions, compared with the as-cast samples. The results of the scanning electron microscope confirmed that the degree of additive-manufactured NiFeCrMo alloys after potentiostatic polarization in all three solutions is less serious. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that the enhancement of the corrosion resistance for the additive-manufactured NiFeCrMo alloys is attributed to the modification of the composition of the passive films. Additive manufactured processing promotes the enrichment of the element of Cr or Mo in the passive film and it suppresses the formation of the oxidation of the element of Fe, leading to higher stability of the passive films. The reason for the higher corrosion resistance of the additive-manufactured NiFeCrMo alloyswas related to the enrichment of the element of Cr, as well as the lower content of the elements of Ni and Fe near the grain boundaries, which are beneficial to forming a more compact passive film. The combined results are essential for the applications of high-strength Ni-based as structural materials in a corrosion environment.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1574-1585 [
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1586
Yu-fan Shi, Cheng-jun Guo, Ming-quan Yuan, Zhen-bin Jia, Gui-huan An, Xiang-peng Xiao, Bin Yang
Effect of solidification rate on dendrite segregation and mechanical properties of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy prepared by directional solidification
The microstructures and mechanical properties of the directionally solidified Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy were investigated at solidification rates ranging from 100 to 3000 μm/s. The results showed that the solidification rate significantly affects the phase distribution of the as-cast Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy. The primary and secondary dendritic spacing reduces and eventually becomes stable as the solidification rate increases. Meanwhile, the size of the primary phase decreases, and its distribution becomes more uniform. The most severe segregation problem of this alloy has been greatly improved. Upon solidification at 100 μm/s, the as-cast Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy consists of the α-Cu matrix, γ-CuNi2Sn phase, discontinuous precipitation structure, modulated structure, and D022 ordered phases. However, as the solidification rate increases, the discontinuous precipitation structure, modulated structures, and D022 ordered phases decrease and even disappear, reducing hardness. As the solidification rate increases, after homogenization treatment, the composition and microhardness distributions of Cu– 15Ni–8Sn alloy become more uniform. The time for homogenization is also shortened. It reduces production energy usage and facilitates further mechanical processing.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1586-1597 [
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1598
Da-lei Zhang1, Ran Liu, Ying-shuang Liu, Shao-hua Xing, Zong-hao He, Yao Qian, Jin-zeng Liu, Xiao-hui Dou, Xin-wei Zhang
Combined experimental and simulation study on corrosion behavior of B10 copper–nickel alloy welded joint under local turbulence
The corrosion behavior of B10 copper–nickel alloy welded joints in seawater pipeline system was analyzed under local turbulence induced by weld residual height. The corrosion behavior was evaluated by array electrode technology, morphology and elemental characterization, and COMSOL Multiphysics simulation. The results provide a theoretical basis for the corrosion and leakage of B10 alloy in seawater pipeline under the action of turbulence. The results show that residual height-induced turbulence exhibits a significant effect on the corrosion behavior in different areas of welded joints in B10 alloy. Turbulence can damage some surfaces, causing polarity deflection followed by acceleration of corrosion, or it is easier to form a protective film to slow down corrosion. COMSOL Multiphysics results show that the shear rate and turbulent kinetic energy increase linearly with the increase in residual height and velocity. The corrosion behavior of alloy surface is influenced by controlling the mass transfer rate and surface state.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1598-1612 [
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1613
Sha Zhang, Yu-chao Wu, Yu Li, Zhong-pei Dai, Dan Jia, Yan-fei Xu, Guang-sheng Zeng, Zhi-ming Guo, Jian Liu
Effect of stabilizing treatment on microstructure and stress rupture properties of phosphorus microalloyed Inconel 706 alloy
The microstructure and stress rupture properties of Inconel 706 alloy microalloyed with phosphorus are examined under stabilizing and unstabilizing heat treatment conditions. It was found that applying the stabilizing treatment resulted in a 98% increment in the stress rupture life and a 215% increment in the elongation tested at 650 C/690 MPa for the alloy compared to that under the unstabilizing heat treatment condition. The stabilizing treatment led to the precipitation of rodshaped and needle-shaped g phases at the grain boundaries. Morphologies of c0–c00 co-precipitates in the grain interior were noncompact form and compact form for the alloy under unstabilizing and stabilizing heat treatment conditions, respectively. Based on the microstructure characterizations, the improvement of stress rupture properties by the stabilizing treatment was attributed to the precipitation of g phases at the grain boundaries, which can hinder cracks initiation and propagation and relieve the stress concentration.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1613-1621 [
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1622
Xian-guang Zhang, Jia-jun Chen, Yang Zhou, Lang Shui, Dong-ping Xiao, Jian-hui Fu, Wen-chao Yang, Huan Liu, Ying-jie Ren, Peng Shi, Jian Zhang
Oxidation and internal nitridation behaviors of a Ni-based superalloy Rene 65 during high-temperature homogenization
Homogenization heat treatment is a key process to remove the micro-segregation and re-dissolve the undesired phases for wrought superalloy. The oxidation behavior of the wrought superalloy during the high-temperature homogenization process, however, was rarely studied. The oxidation film evolution and growth kinetics of an as-cast superalloy Rene 65 during the homogenization were systematically studied. The oxide film consists of Cr
2
O
3
external oxidation layer and dendritic TiO
2
and Al
2
O
3
internal oxidation layer. And the growth kinetics of the oxide film followed a parabolic law. Internal nitridation occurs during the oxidation process, and TiN is apparently formed at the tip of internal oxidation layer. The originally formed TiN can be transformed into TiO
2
or retained with the progress of oxidation. Meanwhile, the TiN is newly formed in the deeper matrix at the new oxidation-layer tip. Thermodynamic analyses revealed that there is a competition between the oxidation and nitridation. Nitridation can occur when the partial pressure of nitrogen exceeds the threshold of nitridation and the critical partial pressure ratio of nitrogen and oxygen.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1622-1632 [
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1633
Si-shu Wang, Qian-hao Zang, Hong-mei Chen, Yu-hang Guo, Feng-jian Shi, Di Feng
Effect of extrusion temperature on microstructure and tensile properties of Mg–Gd–Er–Zn–Zr alloy containing LPSO phase
The Mg–1Gd–0.75Er–0.5Zn–0.18Zr (at.%) alloy with long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase was prepared by metal mold casting and hot extrusion. The extruded samples had a typical bimodal microstructure. The different fractions of equiaxed grains were observed in annealed samples. The percentage of fine grains decreased in the extruded Mg alloys with and without annealing treatment when the extrusion temperature was increased. The LPSO phases promote recrystallization behavior in the samples through particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) mechanism. The Mg alloys extruded at 300 C with or without annealing treatment obtained the best tensile properties. At the low extrusion temperature, more finely equiaxed grains with random texture are formed through PSN, and more LPSO phase kink bands are formed, which could improve the mechanical properties of the extruded Mg alloys.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1633-1641 [
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1642
Z. Chen, D.P. Wang, S. Wang, Y.X. Geng, Y.X. Guo, Y.C. Wu, Z.G. Liu, Y.Y. Zhang, Y.X. Wang
Enhanced pitting corrosion resistance of a Zr-based metallic glass by ultraviolet light irradiation
The influence of ultraviolet light irradiation on the pitting corrosion performance of a Zr2Ni metallic glass was examined using electrochemical methods and immersion test in 0.05 mol/L NaCl solution. From the results of potentiostatic polarization, the pitting potential of the ultraviolet light-irradiated sample shifted positively with a value of ~300 mV, revealing the enhanced pitting corrosion resistance of the samples. The corrosion morphology after the immersion test also demonstrated lower degree of corrosion damage and improved pitting resistance of the sample with ultraviolet light irradiation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed more zirconium enrichment in the passive film and no chloride ions adsorption for the samples with ultraviolet irradiation, accounting for the suppression of the pit generation and growth. Our findings indicate that ultraviolet light irradiation improves the pitting corrosion resistance of the Zr-based metallic glasses, which are promising structural materials to be used in corrosion environments with high ultraviolet irradiation.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1642-1649 [
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1650
Cheng-ming Li, Shu-jin Chen, Shan-shan Cai, Ju-bo Peng, Xiao-jing Wang, Ying-wu Wang
Microstructure and shear properties evolution of Mn-doped SAC solder joint under isothermal aging
The effects of Mn addition (0.005, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07 wt.%) on microstructure, shear mechanical behavior, and interfacial thermal stabilities of SAC305 joints were investigated under isothermal aging temperatures of 170 °C with different aging time (0, 250, 500, and 750 h). It is found that Mn addition can increase fracture energy of joints without decreasing the shear strength. And the microstructures have transformed from the eutectic net-like structure in SAC305 solder joints into the structures based on β-Sn matrix with intermetallic compounds (IMCs) distributed. By doping 0.07 wt.% Mn, the Cu
6
Sn
5
growth along the SAC305/Cu interface during thermal aging can be inhibited to some extent. During isothermal aging at 170 °C, the maximum shear force of solder joint decreases continuously with aging time increasing, while the fracture energy rises first and then decreases, reaching the maximum at 500 h compared by that with the microstructure homogenization. Cu
3
Sn growth between Cu
6
Sn
5
/Cu interface has been retarded most at the aging time of 250 h with 0.07 wt.% Mn-doped joints. With the aging time prolonging, the inhibition effect of Mn on Cu
3
Sn IMC layer becomes worse. The strengthening effect of Mn can be explained by precipitation strengthening, and its mechanical behavior can be predicted by particle strengthening model proposed by Orowan.
2023 Vol. 30 (8): 1650-1660 [
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