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	2012 Vol. 47 No. 1
	Published: 2012-01-15



	Technical Reviews Steelmaking Metal Forming Materials Environmental Protection and Energy Technology Exchange

Technical Reviews

	1	YIN Rui-yu
		Integration Technology of High Efficiency and Low Cost Clean Steel “Production Platform” and Its Dynamic Operation
		The conception, definition, connotation, boundary of the high efficiency, low cost clean steel “production platform” and the rules, methods of its dynamic operation are studied and discussed. It is pointed out that, not only the connotations of quality and technology, but also the connotations of market and economy are embodied in the high efficiency, low cost clean steel “production platform”. The construction of high efficiency, low cost clean steel “production platform” is one of the common key technologies concerning efficiency, quality and cost.It is the basic and universal technology, which not only applicable in the production of “high-end” steel products, but also in the production of bulk ordinary steel products. The “production platform” of high efficiency, low cost clean steel is the important direction of modern steel-making technology progress and has great significance on the competitiveness of the steel plants. The research of high efficiency, low cost “production platform” not only involves the production and management of the steel plants, but also the academic research field (process engineering and dynamic operation) and innovation of engineering design(theory and method of dynamic-precision design). The integrated theory and method of high efficiency and low cost clean steel “production platform” is the binding point of metallurgical process engineering and material engineering.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 1-8 [Abstract] ( 2296 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 106 )

Raw Materials and Ironmaking

	9	JIANG Sheng,WEN Yong-cai,HE Qun
		Application of High Titanium Content Pellet for Blast Furnace of Pangang
		Theoretical analysis of utilization of high titanium content pellet in blast furnace and laboratorial study of melting and dropping property of burden in case the use of high titanium type pellet were investigated. The results show that the utilization of high titanium content pellet was benefited to improve the quality of vanadium-bearing titnomagnetite sinter, increase the proportion of pellet in burden, decrease the content of high melting point matter in slag and improve the permeability of blast furnace column and comprehensive property of burden. Meanwhile, the production tests show that the utilization of high titanium content pellet was benefitied to increase the output of hot metal, decrease the quatity of coke and increase the rate of PCI evidently, which could optimize burden design.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 9-13 [Abstract] ( 2436 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 122 )

	14	HU Bing1, HUANG Zhu-cheng1, JIANG Tao1, PENG Hu2
		New Method of Direct Reduction on Iron Concentrate Oxidized Pellets by Microwave Heating
		Traditional heating for direct reduction had a low thermal efficiency and “cold center”, even the large amount of waste heat and gas emissions, which made the long time, high energy consumption and heavy pollution for reduction of oxidized pellets. The major advantages of using microwaves in the experiment were rapid heat transfer, volumetric and selective heating and pollution-free environment, in addition, iron concentrate oxidized pellets and anthracite had a strong microwave absorbency, on the basis, a new coal based direct reduction technology on iron concentrate oxidized pellets was developed in microwave shaft furnace. The results show that iron concentrate oxidized pellets coal based direct reduction by microwave heating in 1050℃ at 65min, can obtain 95.25% the metallization rate, and has 1718.88N/a compressive strength. Compared with conventional heating, the time of microwave heating reduction roasting can shorten 27.78%, and compressive strength nearly doubled increase, even has little waste heat and gas emission.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 14-18 [Abstract] ( 2364 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 98 )

	19	LI Hui-bin1,WANG Hua1,HOU Ya-li1,HU Jian-hang1,LI You-ling1, 2
		Investigation of Iron Smelting With High-Phosphorus Iron Ore and Ilmenite by Oxygen Enriched Top-Blown Smelting Reduction
		Huimin high-phosphorus iron ore and ilmenite from Yunnan province was smelted by oxygen enriched top-blown smelting reduction iron-making technology. Much more details, such as iron recovery rate, distribution ratio of phosphorus and sulfur were discussed. Iron recovery could reach 95% with phosphorus content about 0.32%, sulfur content 0.054% and titanium content 0.031% in pig iron produced, under the conditions of 20min holding time at 1500K, basicity R of 1.3, C/O mole ratio of 1.0 and oxygen enriched flow rate of 250L/h and ore blending ratio of 1∶1. Oxidizing potential of top-space of SRV and slag combination can create the driving force to partition phosphorous and titanium to the slag, which ensure the success of the experiment.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 19-23 [Abstract] ( 2387 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 64 )

Steelmaking

	24	SHEN Jing-xia1，2,SUN Yong-xi2,LI Fa-xing2,YU De-he2,ZHANG Jun-ping2,SHI Jun-qiang2
		Experimental Study on Adding Boron in Cr-Mn-Ti Gear Steel
		Effect of boron on the properties of Cr-Mn-Ti gear steel produced by the process routing of EAF-LF-VD-bloom continuous casting-rolling was investigated. Tapping weight was 50t to 52t, the boron content was in the range of 0.0008% to 0.0010%, billet with size of 260mm×300mm was rolled to round steel with 130mm for the contrast experiments. The experimental results show that the hardenability of Cr-Mn-Ti gear steel added trace boron is improved when main components of steel is kept unchanged, or the content of Mn, Cr is decreased befittingly.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 24-27 [Abstract] ( 2165 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 63 )

	28	TAO Hong-biao,L Xiao-jun,XI Chang-suo,ZHANG Hui,WU Ye-ming,GAN Yong
		Research and Application on Design Technology for Taper of Thin Slab Continuous Casting Mould
		Aiming at improving service life of mould and surface quality of slab, effect of width and depth of mould funnel zone, deflection value and wear of narrow-face copper plate on taper distribution in the altitude direction was researched firstly by creating some models to compute funnel zone self taper, central taper and local taper of mould. Secondly, the design idea was put forward that funnel zone self taper and lengthwise distributions of local taper should match with solidification shrinkage of slab. Finally, optimization design on cavity configuration of wide-face copper of thin slab continuous casting mould and controlling process of narrow-face copper taper was carried out, which provided theoretical reference for optimizing mould operation process and managerial system. Based on above mentioned research work, a new mould suitable to FTSC process was developed. A lot of industry production trails were conducted using this mould. The results show that additional deflection value of narrow-face copper plate can be reduced from 12mm to 7mm while producing thin slab whose width is 1520mm. Service life of narrow-face copper plate is improved obviously. The maximum amount of wear of narrow-face copper plate is reduced from 5mm to 2mm after 22500 tons liquid steelwere cast. Besides, occurrence of slab narrow-face depression and surface longitudinal crack can be controlled by using this new mould.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 28-33 [Abstract] ( 2538 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 105 )

	34	LIU Kun1,LIU Liu2,HE Ping2,CUI Yang1,ZHU Guo-sen1,LI Hai-bo1
		Thermodynamics of Dephosphorization Reaction for Producing Low Phosphorus Steel in Converter
		In order to produce low phosphorus steel with w(［P］)≤0.010%, thermodynamics of dephosphorization reation in converter was investigated systematically.The main factors of influencing phosphorus distribution ratio LP between slag and metal in converter were analyzed, the quantitative method of determining activity coefficient of P2O5 and oxygen partial pressure of dephosphorization reaction was studied, and selective oxidation problem of carbon and phosphorus element in molten steel was also discussed. The results show that: LP is mainly affected by oxygen partial pressure, activity coefficient of P2O5 and reaction temperature; activity coefficient of P2O5 may be more accurately calculated by the modified Кожуров regular solution model. Dephosphorization reaction is controlled by oxygen partial pressure of the slag, which depends on carbon content in molten steel, slag basicity and temperature. For traditional combined blown converter, the process conditions of producing low phosphorus steel with w(［P］)≤0010% are as follows: final slag basicity w(CaO)/w(SiO2)≥3.0, the final slag w(MgO)≤9.0%, the end-point carbon content w(［C］)≤0.065%, end-point temperature at 1873-1923K range.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 34-39 [Abstract] ( 2576 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 68 )

	40	FU Bang-hao1,CHEN Chao1,CHENG Guo-guang1,PAN Ji-xiang2,LI Yan2,PAN Wei2
		Inclusions in 430 Stainless Steelmaking During AOD-LF-CC Process
		Samples taken from the end of AOD, LF and tundish casting operations of the AOD-LF-TD process during 430 stainless smelting process were investigated and identified through the scanning electron microscope with an EDS X-ray analyzer to characterize the inclusions in terms of the chemical composition, size and morphology. The results show that the total oxygen content, the inclusion content and size decrease throughout the AOD-LF-TD process. Additionally, the types of inclusions change at different stages of the process; the inclusions in AOD are mainly CaO-SiO2-MgO compounds, while in LF and tundish, it is detected mostly CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 inclusions, besides, inclusions with MnO compound are also found in tundish. Meanwhile, the inclusions in AOD with the compounds of CaO-SiO2-MgO are found to be close to the slag composition. The variation of the composition of the inclusions in LF and tundish are related to the refining process, continuous casting protection as well as temperature drop.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 40-43 [Abstract] ( 2573 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 63 )

Metal Forming

	44	KANG Yong-lin1,ZHOU Ming-wei2,LIU Xu-hui2,CHEN Lin-heng1,LING Hua1,WU Hao-hong2
		Microstructure-Properties and Profile of Thin Strip by Semi-Endless Rolling
		The key equipment and technology analysis of semi-endless rolling, such as the flying shear working status analysis and control, the joint application of semi-endless rolling and rolls gap lubrication, were introduced, and the effect of semi-endless rolling process on the microstructure and properties, thickness accuracy and profile quality (such as strip crown and wedge degree) was discussed. The results show that the microstructure and properties of the ultra-long strip produced by semi-endless rolling process have better uniformity and stability. Besides, semi-endless rolling process has obvious advantage in terms of ensuring good thickness accuracy, perfect profile quality and expanding specifications of the thin strip products compared with conventional short-slab rolling. Furthermore, the semi-endless rolling process for ultra-thin strip has been applied widely in the replacement of cold product by hot product.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 44-50 [Abstract] ( 2466 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 56 )

	51	WANG Yong-qin,LIU Zhi-fang,YAN Xing-chun
		Curvature Analysis for Plate During Hot Leveling
		The basic mathematical model of curvature analysis was built for the plate during leveling process. The model was solved with the numerical algorithm successfully with quick speed and well convergence. The research results can be shown as follow: the difference of the contact angles between the plate and the several front rollers is larger than that of the rest, this difference diminished gradually with the movement of the plate, but there is a little influence on trajectory for different initial curvatures; the plate with different initial curvatures tends to be flat with the action of the same rolling reduction; the imposed and residual stresses distributions represent polygon lines, the residual stress can be controlled in a small range after leveling.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 51-54 [Abstract] ( 2241 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 63 )

	55	CHENG Jie-feng,LIU Zheng-dong,TANG Guang-bo
		Numerical Simulation of Phase Transformation Process for Carbon Steel During Run-Out Table Cooling
		With the help of self-developed process modeling system, which was integrated into hot strip production line at Baosteel Co., Ltd., austenite transformation process was investigated for different carbon equivalent steels during run-out table cooling. The effect of different cooling patterns (early cooling, interrupted cooling, late cooling) on phase transformation was calculated, the phase transformation difference in the thickness direction was analyzed quantitatively. The results show that under the given processing condition, ferrite transformation start time is delayed with the increasing of carbon equivalent, but pearlite transformation start time is less sensitive to the carbon equivalent, there is large difference among each phase transformation start time and evolution path under the different cooling patterns, while the final volume fraction of each phase is nearly identical, there exists clear microstructure heterogeneity in the thickness direction.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 55-59 [Abstract] ( 2505 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 60 )

Materials

	60	WANG Jing-zhong1，2，LIU Zheng-dong1,CHENG Shi-chang1，BAO Han-sheng1
		Analysis on Big Fluctuation in Elevated Temperature Ductility of Solution S31042 Steel
		In order to analyze the reasons which cause big fluctuation in elevated temperature ductility of S31042 steel, the fracture morphologies, surface and microstructure of specimens were observed by stereomicroscope, metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope(SEM), transmission electron microscope. Extracts powder from specimens at corresponding condition were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Phase diagram of S31042 steel were calculated using Thermo-Calc software. The results show that the big particle of NbCrN in cluster distributing on grain boundaries and in grains is the reason which leads to low short-term elevated temperature (at 700℃) tensile ductility (elongation only be 28%) of S31042 steel and serious surface checking. However, the specimen of S31042 steel with fine Nb-precipitation particles distributing dispersedly in grain have relatively high short-term elevated temperature (at 700℃) tensile ductility (elongation reaching 50%) and no surface checking on the surface of fracture specimens. The major reason which causes fluctuation in elevated temperature ductility of S31042 steel is morphologies of Nb-bearing phase. Therefore, improving the morphologies of niobium precipitation particles is beneficial to enhance the short-term elevated temperature tensile ductility for solution treatment S31042 steel.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 60-64 [Abstract] ( 2195 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 61 )

	65	CAO Jie1,2,YAN Jun2,SUN Wei3,LIU Ya-zheng1,ZHANG Jing2,YU Tong-ren3
		Experimental Production of Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel for Grade 10.9 Fasteners
		In order to develop a non-quenched and tempered steel for high strength fasteners, experimental production was carried out on a high-speed wire rod mill. The microstructure and properties of the rolling products was tested. The microstructure of the steel is basically granular bainite under the given technology, the tensile strength and elongation ratio of the steel are respectively 897.5MPa and 21.8%. After drawing reduction, the steel can meet or exceed the mechanical requirement of grade 10.9 fasteners. When the drawing reduction is 25.0%, the steel can bear the compression of 59.3% without cracking.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 65-68 [Abstract] ( 2458 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 51 )

	69	HUI Wei-jun1,LIU Zhi-xiong1, 2,ZHANG Ying-jian1,CHEN Si-lian1,DONG Han1
		Development of New Medium-Carbon Non-Quenched and Tempered Steel for Fracture Splitting Connecting Rod
		A new medium-carbon non-quenched and tempered steel for fracture splitting connecting rod was developed through lowering the toughness of soft phase of ferrite, increasing the hardness of ferrite and suitable lowering the grain boundary strength of prior austenite. The alloy designing considerations, microstructure characteristics, mechanical properties and fracture splitting characteristics of the developed steel were introduced. The developed steel not only has considerably higher strength level and yield strength ratio, but also has much higher fatigue strength than that of conventional high carbon pearlite steel C70S6, to which fracture splitting process has been applied, mainly owing to the significant solidification strengthening effect of higher content of Si and P elements and the precipitation strengthening and microstructure refining effects of V element. Moreover, the fracture surface was brittle cleavage fracture of simulated fracture splitting specimen. The distortion is smaller than that of C70S6 steel, which suggests that the developed steel can perform fracture splitting with minimal distortion.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 69-73 [Abstract] ( 2438 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 54 )

	74	WANG Sheng-zhao1,ZHAO Gang1 ,BAO Si-qian1，SHI Hai-ning2,DENG Shen2,ZHANG Hai-zhou3
		Hot Ductility of Niobium-Microalloyed High Strength Steel Q345C Slab
		Hot ductility of continuous casting Q345C slabs was tested by Gleeble-2000 thermal /strain simulation machine. Using scanning electron microscopy, metalloscopy and transmission electron microscopy, morphology characteristics and microstructure of fracture surface of tensile specimen in brittle temperature zone Ⅰ and Ⅲ were observed. Influences of dynamic recrystallization, phase change and precipitate on hot ductility of the niobium- microalloyed steel were analyzed. The results showed that: at the 1 × 10-3/s strain rate, there are two low ductility zones, namely brittle zone Ⅰ (1200-1300℃) and brittle zone Ⅲ (600-875℃)，the brittle zone Ⅱdoes not exist; the maximum ductility is around 1050℃ and area reduction （Z）reached 85.8%; in brittle zone Ⅲ, membranous lower tensile strength of ferrite along austenite grain boundaries, and the existence of inclusions and precipitates of micro-alloying elements in the grain boundaries is the main reasons for lower ductility of Q345C steel.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 74-77 [Abstract] ( 2152 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 50 )

	78	KUANG Yuan-hui1,2,LI Jian-jun2,YUE Er-bin2,QIU Sheng-tao2,SHI Zhe3
		Texture Evolution of Low-Carbon and Low-Silicon Non-Oriented Electrical Steel Produced by TSCR
		Texture evolution of low-carbon and low-silicon non-oriented electrical steel produced by simulating TSCR in hot rolling, cold rolling and annealing process was investigated.The texture of hot rolled strip was measured by EBSD, yet the texture of cold rolled strip and annealed strip was measured by X-ray diffraction technology. The results show that the texture intensity along the thickness direction in the hot rolled strip change obviously, there are mostly α-fibre texture and γ-fibre texture in the 1/10 thickness. Quite strong γ-texture appears in the 1/4 thickness. There is mainly strong {001}〈110〉texture in the 1/2 thickness, and the other textrue distribute dispersedly. In the surface and center of the cold rolled strip, the main texture are α-fibre and γ-fibre texture, but both of the texture are weaked obviously in the center. In the surface and center of the annealed strip, the α-fibre texture disappears basically and the γ-fibre texture strengthen a lot.Meanwhile there are {110}〈001〉goss texture and {001}〈010〉cubic texture.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 78-81 [Abstract] ( 2382 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 46 )

	82	TIAN Jun,LIU Yan,CHENG Guo-guang
		Analysis of the Hardness Inhomogeneity in Hot-Rolled Product of H13 Steel
		Annealing experiment was performed, and the samples before and after annealed were studied by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDS (Energy Disperse spectroscopy). The hardness of samples was tested. The reasons causing the hardness inhomogeneity in hot-rolled product of H13 steel were analyzed. The results show that the hardness of freckle area is 91.43 HRB, 7.53% higher than the hardness of normal area. The freckle area is mainly comprised of white spot and black particle, the main chemical composition of white spot is iron and the black particle is alloy carbide. After the H13 samples were annealed, the hardness of freckle area decreased obviously, from 190.2 HB to 168.26 HB. The size of black particle is smaller, and its carbon percentage content decreased significantly, from 80% to 15%. The hardness inhomogeneity in hot-rolled product of H13 steel is mainly due to non-uniform composition of molten steel during the casting solidification process.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 82-87 [Abstract] ( 2530 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 84 )

Environmental Protection and Energy

	88	DING Yi1，2，LUO Wu-long1，WANG Qin1，LI Tong1，SHI De-ming1
		Practice and Research for Combined Cycle Power Plant Technology in Metallurgical Industry
		Based on expatiation in detailed for operating management mode and maintenance model of Masteel 153MW CCPP, the technical measures of CCPP high efficient, stable and long period running in metallurgical company were put forward, and the comparison between CCPP and BTG were also made. The done work will be of some promoting and learning meanings for domestic other companies which develop combined cycle power plant technology.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 88-94 [Abstract] ( 2118 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 43 )

	95	DONG Hui1,ZHAO Yong1,CAI Jiu-ju1,ZHOU Jie-wang2,MA Guang-yu3
		Leakage of Sintering-Cooling System
		From the viewpoint of recovery and utilization of waste heat, the formation of leakage was analyzed systematically firstly; then the influence of leakage on recovery and utilization of waste heat was studied quantitatively; finally, the leakage control measures were brought forth from the aspect of decreasing the pressure difference between inside and outside of leakage location. The results show that leakage of cooling system increases the working procedure of sintering process by 3%-4%,and the leakage of sintering system increases the working procedure by 8%-10%. It is one of the effective way to set up the total pressure of air blower in cooling system properly, make the top of sinter ore and the bottom of gas-collecting hood in the condition of micro-positive pressure for reducing the leakage of cooling system. Besides, it is an effective way to reduce the flow-rate of draught fan and total pressure for reducing the leakage of sintering system.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 95-99 [Abstract] ( 2506 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 55 )

Technology Exchange

	100	TANG Zheng-lei,ZHANG Tao,YANG Dong,LI Hong-yang,XU Zhao,PANG Lin
		Development of Q460GJE-Z35 Large Thickness Steel Plate for High Rise Building
		Manufacturing process and test design for Q460GJE - Z35 of high strength steel with thickness in 80mm, 110mm and 120mm were investigated through the composition design, rolling and heat treatment process design by using grain refinement, solid solution strengthening, precipitation strengthening method. The results show that molded Q460GJE-Z35 steel plate, which was produced through niobium, vanadium, titanium, nickel composite micro alloying, controlled rolling-controlled cooling and normalizing the fast cooling (NAC) heat treatment, has such properties as grain tiny, organization, with uniform strength and toughness good matching and higher internal quality.
		2012 Vol. 47 (1): 100-104 [Abstract] ( 2063 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 59 )

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