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2008年 15卷 5期
刊出日期：2008-10-15
Material
Metallurgy and Metal Working
Metallurgy and Metal Working
1
DAI Shuhua;SHEN Fengman;YU Aibing
Granule Size Distribution and Porosity of Granule Packing
The granule size distribution and the porosity of the granule packing process were researched. For realizing the optimizing control of the whole sintering production process, researchers must know the factors influencing the granule size distribution and the porosity. Therefore, tests were carried out in the laboratory with regard to the influences of the size and size distribution of raw materials and the total moisture content on the size and size distribution of granule. Moreover, tests for finding out the influences of the moisture content and the granule volume fraction on the porosity were also carried out. The results show that (1) the raw material has little influence on granulation when its size is in the range of 051 mm to 10 mm; (2) the influence of the material size on granule size plays a dominant role, and in contrast, the moisture content creates a minor effect on granule size; (3) in binary packing system, with the increase in the constituent volume fraction, the porosity initially increases and then decreases, and there is a minimum value on the porosity curve of the binary mixture system; (4) the minimum value of the porosity in binary packing system occurs at different locations for different moisture contents, and this value shifts from right to left on the porosity curve with increasing the moisture content; (5) the addition of small granules to the same size component cannot create a significant influence on the porosity, whereas the addition of large granules to the same system can greatly change the porosity.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 1-0 [
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6
LONG Hongming;FAN Xiaohui;JIANG Tao;DAI Linqing
Research and Application of Expert System Skeleton for Controlling Sintering Process
An expert system skeleton tool of sintering process was constructed using objectoriented method, which can actualize two functions, ie, the shell function and the program function. The skeleton tool offered a platform to build a prototype system, to program class code, and to develop the expert system. Four branch expert systems were developed using the skeleton tool including the control of chemical composition, the control of sintering process state, the control of expended energy, and the diagnosis of abnormity. It is found that the performance of all systems is satisfactory in practice.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 6-0 [
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9
YU Yuanhao;FENG Gensheng;SU Dongxue
Measures of Decreasing Blast Furnace Fuel Consumption and Improving Sinter Performance in Guofeng
To further decrease the fuel consumption of blast furnace in Tangshan Guofeng Iron and Steel Co Ltd, measures of improving the quality of sinter and pellet and the performances of raw materials were put forward through phase analysis and physical and chemical performance testing. The measures of increasing the grade of sinter, decreasing the sinter reduction degradation index at low temperature, and increasing the sinter soft melt performance at elevated temperature, as well as the reasonable process parameters of sintering were described in detail.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 9-0 [
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13
CHEN Erbao;WANG Shijun
Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon and Manganese in MnC and MnFeC Melts
Carbon solubility in MnFe melts (xMn=0083-0706, xFe=0034-0715) was measured experimentally at various temperatures. By thermodynamic derivation and calculation, the relationship between activity coefficient of carbon in infinite dilute solution of manganese in MnC system and temperature was obtained. Using GibbsDuhem relationship, the experimental results of this study, and experimental data obtained by strict thermodynamic derivation and calculation in references, the relationships between other thermodynamic properties (εCC, εCCC, εCFe, εCCFe, and εCFeFe) in MnFeC system and temperature were obtained.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 13-0 [
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19
PENG Jun;WANG Shijun;DONG Yuanchi;LIU Lixia;ZHOU Yun;CHEN Erbao
Model of Calculating Activity of Nitrogen and Vanadium in FeCVN Molten Metal
The solubility of nitrogen in the FeCVN system was measured at 1 708 K and the model of calculating activity (action concentration) of nitrogen (N) and vanadium (V) was derived according to the phase diagram and the coexistence theory of the metal melt structure. The solubility expression of nitrogen in the FeCVN system at 1 708 K was wN=0058 194-0010 367wC+0005 543 4wV. Comparing the computing results with the experimental results, a satisfactory conclusion could be obtained. The analysis of the FeCVN system using this model showed that VN was present in a high temperature metal melt, which would reduce the action concentration of nitrogen obviously. It was consequently disadvantageous to the removal of nitrogen from hot metal.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 19-0 [
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24
ZHANG Dianhua;WANG Bingxing;ZHOU Na;YU Ming;WANG Jun
Cooling Efficiency of Laminar Cooling System for Plate Mill
Heat transfer was researched from a perspective of the industry application. On the basis of the first law of thermodynamics, the cooling efficiency was deduced from the change of enthalpy inside hot plate. The relationship between the cooling efficiency and its influencing parameters was regressed from plenty of data collected from the worksite and discussed in detail. The temperature profiles resulting from the online model and the model modified by regressed formulas were presented and compared. The results indicated that the control accuracy of the modified model was increased obviously.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 24-0 [
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29
DING Jingguo;HU Xianlei;JIAO Jingmin;SHE Guangfu;LIU Xianghua
Application of Adaptive Threading Technique to Hot Strip Mill
Thickness deviation of hot strip rolling needs to be strictly controlled in the computer system. An adaptive threading technique was researched, in which the measured data from threaded stands were used to predict thickness and material hardness errors, to modify the setup for the remaining unthreaded stands. After the adaptive threading model was used online on the hot strip mill of the Panzhihua Iron and Steel Group Co Ltd, the thickness deviation was decreased obviously. The hit rate of thickness control of different steel grades increases.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 29-0 [
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32
HE Haitao;LI Yan
A New Flatness Pattern Recognition Model Based on Cerebellar Model Articulation Controllers Network
In the traditional flatness pattern recognition neural network, the topologic configurations need to be rebuilt with a changing width of cold strip. Furthermore, the large learning assignment, slow convergence, and local minimum in the network are observed. Moreover, going by the structure of the traditional neural network, according to experience, the model is timeconsuming and complex. Thus, a new approach of flatness pattern recognition is proposed based on the CMAC (cerebellar model articulation controllers) neural network. The difference in fuzzy distances between samples and the basic patterns is introduced as the input of the CMAC network. Simultaneously, the adequate learning rate is improved in the error correction algorithm of this neural network. The new approach with advantages, such as high learning speed, good generalization, and easy implementation, is efficient and intelligent. The simulation results show that the speed and accuracy of the flatness pattern recognition model are obviously improved.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 32-0 [
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37
CAI Jiuju;LU Zhongwu;YUE Qiang
Some Problems of Recycling Industrial Materials
The industrial system should learn from the natural ecosystem. The resource utilization efficiency should be increased and the environmental load should be decreased, depending on the materials recycled in the system. The classification of industrial materials from the viewpoint of largescale recycling was stated. Recycling of materials, on three different levels, was introduced in the industrial system. The metal flow diagram in the life cycle of products, in the case of no materials recycled, materials partially recycled, and materials completely recycled, was given. The natural resource conservation and the waste emission reduction were analyzed under the condition of materials completely recycled. The expressions for the relation between resource efficiency and material recycling rate, and the relation between ecoefficiency and material recycling rate were derived, and the curves describing the relationship between them were protracted. The diagram of iron flow in the life cycle of iron and steel products in China, in 2001, was given, and the iron resource efficiency, material recycling rate, and iron ecoefficiency were analyzed. The variation of iron resource efficiency with the material recycling rate was analyzed for two different production ratios.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 37-0 [
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Material
42
XIAO Kui;DONG Chaofang;LI Xiaogang;WANG Fuming
Corrosion Products and Formation Mechanism During Initial Stage of Atmospheric Corrosion of Carbon Steel
The formation and development of corrosion products on carbon steel surface during the initial stage of atmospheric corrosion in a laboratory simulated environment have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that two different shapes of corrosion products, that is, ring and chain, were formed in the initial stage of corrosion. MnS clusters were found in the nuclei of corrosion products at the active local corrosion sites. The ringshaped products were composed of lepidocrocite (γFeOOH) and maghemite (γFe2O3) transformed from lepidocrocite. The chaintype products were goethite (αFeOOH). A formation mechanism of the corrosion products is proposed.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 42-0 [
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49
SU Hang;PAN Tao;LI Li;YANG Caifu;CUI Yinhui;JI Huaizhong
Frictional HeatInduced Phase Transformation on Train Wheel Surface
By combining thermomechanical coupling finite element analysis with the characteristics of phase transformation [continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curve], the thermal fatigue behavior of train wheel steel under high speed and heavy load conditions was analyzed. The influence of different materials on the formation of the phase transformation zone of the wheel tread was discussed. The result showed that the peak temperature of wheel/track friction zone could be higher than the austenitizing temperature for braking. The depth of the austenitized region could reach a point of 09 mm beneath the wheel tread surface. The supercooled austenite is transformed to a hard and brittle martensite layer during the following rapid cooling process, which may lead to cracking and then spalling on the wheel tread surface. The decrease in carbon contents of the train wheel steel helps inhibit the formation of martensite by increasing the austenitizing temperature of the train wheel steel. When the carbon contents decrease from 07% to 04%, the Ac3 of the wheel steel is increased by 45 ℃, and the thickness of the martensite layer is decreased by 30%, which is helpful in reducing the thermal cycling fatigue of the train wheel tread such as spalling.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 49-0 [
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56
R Narayanasamy;N L Parthasarathi;R Ravindran;C Sathiya Narayanan
Strain Limit of Extra Galvannealed InterstitialFree and Bake Hardened Steel Sheets Under Different Stress Conditions
The formability of bake hardened steel (thickness 082 mm), and the extra galvannealed IF steel (thickness 082 mm) have been studied. The suitability of the above steels for forming applications has been critically examined. The microstructure, tensile properties, and formability parameters of the above sheet metals were determined. The manufacturing process of the steels and the significance with reference to its formability were studied.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 56-0 [
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61
ZHANG Mei;LI Lin;FU Renyu;ZHANG Jicheng;WAN Zi
Weldability of Low Carbon Transformation Induced Plasticity Steel
Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel exhibited high or rather high carbon equivalent (CE) because of its chemical composition, which was a particularly detrimental factor affecting weldability of steels. Thus the weldability of a TRIP steel (grade 600) containing (in mass percent, %) 011C119Si167Mn was extensively studied. The mechanical properties and impact toughness of butt joint, the welding crack susceptibility of weld and heat affected zone (HAZ) for tee joint, control thermal severity (CTS) of the welded joint, and Y shape 60° butt joint were measured after the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) test. The tensile strength of the weld was higher than 700 MPa. Both in the fusion zone (FZ) and HAZ for butt joint, the impact toughness was much higher than 27 J, either at room temperature or at -20 ℃, indicating good low temperature impact ductility of the weld of TRIP 600 steel. In addition, welding crack susceptibility tests revealed that weldments were free of surface crack and other imperfection. All experimental results of this steel showed fairly good weldability. For application, the crossmember in automobile made of this steel exhibited excellent weldability, and fatigue and durability tests were also accomplished for crossmember assembly.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 61-0 [
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66
WANG Qingfeng;CHAI Feng;CAI Jianwei;PAN Tao;SU Hang
Kinetic Model of εCu Particle Dissolution in Welding Induced HAZ of CopperContaining Steel
The kinetics of εCu particle dissolution in the matrix of heat affected zone (HAZ) during welding of a coppercontaining steel was determined by assembling the welding temperaturetime program into a modified Whelan′s solution. The particle dissolution dependence on the degree of “superheating” above the equilibrium transformation is demonstrated from the model. In terms of volume fraction of particle dissolution, the HAZ may be classified into three zones, including the undissolving zone, the partially dissolving zone, and the completely dissolving zone, respectively. The numerical solution was in good agreement with the experimental examination finding. The results of model can be used to quantitatively map the εCu dissolution zone dependence on the peak temperature of welding thermal cycles and understand the evolution of this transformation during welding.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 66-0 [
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70
GUO Yanhui;WANG Zhaodong;ZOU Wenwen;LIU Xianghua;WANG Guodong
Textures and Properties of Hot Rolled High Strength TiIF Steels
The texture evolution in a high strength TiIF steel during the processing of hot rolling, cold rolling, and annealing is studied. For comparison, both ferrite rolling and austenite rolling are employed. It is found that the texture type is the same after ferrite rolling and austenite rolling, but the texture intensity is much higher in the ferrite rolled sample. Furthermore, texture characteristics at the surface are absolutely different from those at the midsection in both ferrite rolled and austenite rolled samples, as well as under the cold rolled and annealed conditions. The shear texture {110}<001> disappears and orientation rotates along {110}<001>→{554}<225>→{111}<112>→{111}<110>→{223}<110> during cold rolling. Compared to the austenite rolled sample, the properties of the cold rolled and annealed sheet which is subjected to ferrite rolling are higher.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 70-0 [
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77
LIANG Xuan;LI Jun;PENG Yinghong
Properties and Microstructure of OneStep Cold Rolled Steel Strip for Shadow Mask
The effect of recrystallization annealing temperature on the properties and microstructure of onestep cold rolled steel strip for shadow mask was studied. The results showed that there was no yield point elongation when the tensile tests were performed on the samples for annealing temperatures ranging from 750 ℃ to 810 ℃. Moreover, increasing annealing temperature resulted in large grains, which was beneficial to the formability and magnetic property of steel strips. On the other hand, when the sample was annealed at 840 ℃, its microstructure showed ununiformity with 004% yield point elongation, which was not good for the function of the shadow mask. Therefore, the proper recrystallization annealing temperature was about 810 ℃ for the present steel strip for shadow mask.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 77-0 [
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81
A Rajeshkannan;K S Pandey;S Shanmugam;R Narayanasamy
Sintered Fe08%C10%Si04%Cu P/M Steel Preform Behaviour During Cold Upsetting
Cold upsetting experiments were carried out on sintered Fe08%C10%Si04%Cu steel preforms in order to evaluate their deformation characteristics. Powder preforms of 86% of theoretical density, with two different ratios of height to diameter, were prepared using a suitable die set assembly on a 10 MN capacity hydraulic testing machine. Sintering was carried out in an electric muffle furnace for 15 h at 1 150 ℃. Each sintered compact was subjected to incremental loading of 004 MN under dry friction condition till a crack appeared at the free surfaces. The experimental results were critically analysed, the stress as a function of strain and densification was obtained, then the work hardening behaviour was analyzed. It has been found that in the process of enhancing densification, strength and strain hardening is also induced during upsetting, but the work hardening behaviour is not homogenously enhanced against strain and densification.
2008 Vol. 15 (5): 81-0 [
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88
XIANG Li;YUE Erbin;FAN Dingdong;QIU Shengtao;ZHAO Pei
Calculation of AlN and MnS Precipitation in NonOriented Electrical Steel Produced by CSP Process
Combining with the study of analogue experiments and test analysis, the kinetics of precipitation and growth of AlN and MnS in nonoriented electrical steel produced by the CSP process is calculated. The results show that the precipitate phase particles of AlN and MnS in typical nonoriented electrical steel grades produced by the CSP process have grown to some extent in the soaking stage, but the precipitation contents are less than 20% of the total contents of nitride and sulfide. The precipitate phase particles of AlN and MnS have precipitated almost after the hot rolling process. The precipitation contents are more than 80% of the total contents of nitride and sulfide, but it is very late for the precipitate phase particles to grow at the end of the hot rolling process.
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