钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2013年 20卷 4期
刊出日期：2013-04-15
材料
工艺
工艺
1
ZHANG Wei-jun,YI Zhi,LIU Xiao-ting,LI Guo-jun,CHEN Hai-geng
An Inverse Method for Equivalent Gray Gas Radiation Characteristic Parameter
Compared with non-gray model, equivalent gray model has equal calculation accuracy but much higher computing speed. To solve the existing problems of the equivalent gray method, sole ternary model was developed. In the model, coupling solving process of energy balance equations is omitted and the model zone is real closed. Meanwhile, the full furnace temperature and heat flow calculations are avoided, which makes it easier to find the relationship between the equivalent gray gas radiation characteristic parameter and the initial conditions. The radiation characteristic parameter was calculated with different temperature combinations, different model zone sizes and different partial pressures of absorbent gas. The results show the similar variations in the absorption coefficient and emissivity for the equivalent gray model, which both decrease with the increase of the gas temperature and the surface temperature (especially the former one) as well as the model zone size while increase with the increase of the partial pressure of absorbent gas.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 1-5 [
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6
ZHAO Hong-bo,,BAI Yong-qiang,CHENG Shu-sen
Effect of Coke Reaction Index on Reduction and Permeability of Ore Layer in Blast Furnace Lumpy Zone Under Non-Isothermal Condition
Reasonable control on CRI (coke reaction index) is one of the key factors for BF (blast furnace) low-carbon smelting. However, there are contrary opinions. One is increasing CRI to improve reaction efficiency in BF and the other is decreasing CRI to suppress coke degradation in furnace. Different methods are adopted to realize effective catalysis (increasing CRI) and passivation (decreasing CRI) of coke. Simulation tests of coke in BF lumpy zone under gradual temperature rising have been done. Effect of CRI on gas composition, ore reduction, burden column permeability and heat reserve zone′s temperature under non-isothermal condition are studied. Then combined with iron making calculations, a novel BF operation suggestion is proposed as coke nut with small size be catalyzed and mixed with ore while skeletal coke with large size be passivated and separately charged into BF.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 6-10 [
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11
ZHANG Shun-hu,GAO Cai-ru,ZHAO De-wen,WANG Guo-dong
Limit Analysis of Defect-Free Pipe Elbow Under Internal Pressure With Mean Yield Criterion
With mean yield (MY) criterion, an analytical solution of the collapse load for a defect-free pipe elbow under internal pressure is first obtained. It is a function of ratio of thickness to radius t0/r0, strain hardening exponent n, curvature influence factor m and ultimate tensile strength. The collapse load increases with the increase of m, and it is the same as the burst pressure of straight pipe if m=1 is assumed. The MY-based solution is compared with those based on Tresca, Mises and twin shear stress (TSS) yield criteria, and the comparison indicates that Tresca and twin shear stress yield criteria predict a lower bound and an upper bound to the collapse load respectively. However, the MY-based solution lies just between the TSS and Tresca solutions, and almost has the same precision with the Mises solution.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 11-15 [
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16
FAN Xiao-hui,LI Jun,CHEN Xu-ling,WANG Yi,GAN Min
Temperature Field Simulation Model for Rotary Kiln of Iron Ore Oxidized Pellet
Based on conduction, convection and radiation heat transfer among the flue gas, kiln wall, and the pellet bed material, and on the basis of the coal combustion and analysis of reaction heat of pellet induration in the rotary kiln, the temperature field model of rotary kiln was established. Using visual studio net, matlab and open source computer vision library as development tools, combining with the ActiveX data objects database technology, the temperature field simulation system for rotary kiln of iron ore oxidized pellet production was developed. Temperature distribution of pellet and flue gas in rotary kiln was dynamically displayed.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 16-19 [
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20
ZHANG Feng,LI Guang-qiang
Control of Ultra Low Titanium in Ultra Low Carbon Al-Si Killed Steel
Titanium is the impurity in some special steel grades. The existence of titanium decreases the grain size, depresses the yield strength, and results in the low quality of these steels in various properties. Thus, titanium should be removed to the minimum. Based on the industrial production of ultra low carbon Al-Si killed steel, the physical-chemical behavior of titanium was investigated in vacuum degassing refining (RH) process with and without desulfurization. The influences of titanium content in hot metal, ladle slag composition, and ladle slag quantity, etc, on titanium content of refined liquid steel were discussed. The results showed that the partition ratio of titanium between ladle slag and liquid steel is in inverse proportion to the 4/3 square of aluminum content. The maximum partition ratio of titanium between top slag and liquid steel can be obtained by adjusting an optimum slag composition including contents of FeOx and Al2O3 and the slag basicity, and the suitable range of them should be controlled higher than 6%, less than 20%, and within 1. 5 to 3. 0, respectively. Moreover, desulfurization refining by RH decreases the partition ratio of titanium between ladle slag and liquid steel significantly. To ensure the titanium content stably less than 15×10-6 in a 300 t ladle, the titanium content in hot metal must be less than 500×10-6 and the thickness of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag carrying over must be less than 50 mm.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 20-25 [
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26
ZHAO Hai-quan,,QI Yuan-hong,SHI Yong-lin,NA Xian-zhao,FENG Huan-lin
Mechanism and Prevention of Disintegration of AOD Stainless Steel Slag
During the cooling process of AOD (argon-oxygen decarburization) stainless steel slag, the serious disintegrating problem happened, which will cause serious environmental pollution. The disintegrating mechanism of the AOD slag was analyzed in detail, and experimental research on prevention of disintegrating of AOD stainless steel slag was developed by adjusting the basicity of the slag and adding the quartz sand and borax. The disintegrating problem during the cooling process of AOD stainless steel slag is caused by the 2CaO·SiO2 phase transformation from α＇-C2S to γ-C2S. By means of adjusting the basicity of the AOD stainless steel slag from 2 to 1. 5 by adding quartz sand, disintegrating of slag was prevented. But the adding amount must arrive at 15% which increases the difficulty of industrialization. Disintegration of AOD stainless steel slag can be effectively controlled by adding borax, and the adding amount is only 0. 5%-0. 8%. This method can be easily industrialized.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 26-30 [
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材料
31
GAO Fei,LIU Zhen-yu,LIU Hai-tao,WANG Guo-dong
Evolution of Through-Thickness Texture in Ultra Purified 17%Cr Ferritic Stainless Steels
Texture inhomogeneity usually takes place in ferritic stainless steels due to the lack of phase transformation and recrystallization during hot strip rolling, which can deteriorate the formability of final sheets. In order to work out the way of weakening texture inhomogeneity, conventional hot rolling and warm rolling processes have been carried out with an ultra purified ferritic stainless steel. The results showed that the evolution of through-thickness texture is closely dependent on rolling process, especially for the texture in the center layer. For both conventional and warm rolling processes, shear texture components were formed in the surface layers after hot rolling and annealing; sharp α-fiber and weak γ-fiber with the major component at {111}<110> were developed in both cold rolled sheet surfaces, leading to the formation of inhomogeneous γ-fiber dominated by {111}<112> after recrystallization annealing. In the center layer of conventional rolled and annealed bands, strong α-fiber and weak γ-fiber textures were formed; the cold rolled textures were comprised of sharp α-fiber and weak γ-fiber with the major component at {111}<110>, and inhomogeneous γ-fiber dominated by {111}<112> was formed after recrystallization annealing. By contrast, in the centre layer of warm rolled bands, the texture was comprised of weak α-fiber and sharp γ-fiber, and γ-fiber became the only component after annealing. The cold rolled texture displayed a sharp γ-fiber with the major component at {111}<112> and the intensity of γ-fiber close to that of α-fiber, resulting in the formation of a nearly homogeneous γ-fiber recrystallization texture in the center layer of the final sheet.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 31-38 [
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39
DONG Fu-tao,DU Lin-xiu,LIU Xiang-hua,HU Jun,XUE Fei
Effect of Ti(C,N) Precipitation on Texture Evolution and Fish-Scale Resistance of Ultra-Low Carbon Ti-Bearing Enamel Steel
The Ti(C,N) precipitation and texture evolution in ultra-low carbon Ti-bearing enamel steel were studied to discover their correlation. Two different cooling paths of simulative coiling were adopted to gain different morphologies of Ti(C,N) precipitate in hot strips. It is found that the Ti(C,N) precipitate in hot strip using Path 2 (put into asbestos box and air cooled) are finer and much more in quantity than that in hot strip using Path 1 (held at 730 ℃ for 30 min and furnace cooled). The morphology of Ti(C,N) precipitate in hot strip has great effect on recrystallization texture in the subsequent cold-rolled annealed sheet. γ-fiber texture of strong recrystallization is gained in cold-rolled and annealed sheet came from Path 1. On the contrary, in the one came from Path 2, the γ-fiber texture is weak. This may be due to the pinning force of numerous fine Ti(C,N) precipitate which retard the growth of preferential nucleated {111} orientated grains. Annealed steel sheets in the test came from both paths have excellent fish-scale resistance.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 39-45 [
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46
SU Yu,LI Lin,FU Ren-yu
Through-Thickness Texture Gradient in Hot-Rolled 25Mn-2. 5Si-2Al TWIP Steel
Texture is one of the important factors affecting sheet metal forming performance. The through-thickness texture gradient during the hot-rolling process of twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel sheet was investigated using electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction. With increasing reduction of the TWIP steel, the fraction of ∑1 decreased, whereas the fractions of ∑3, ∑9, and ∑27 increased. During 53% reduction, a similar trend could be found from its surface to the center. The gradients of intensities of the fibers decreased with increasing hot-rolling reduction. The intensities of face-centered cubic (fcc) shear textures E and Y were higher in the center than that at the surface for both reductions. During 20% reduction, the intensity of fcc plain strain texture S orientation increased from the center to the surface.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 46-53 [
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54
WANG Jing-zhong,,LIU Zheng-dong,BAO Han-sheng, CHENG Shi-chang,WANG Bin
Effect of Ageing at 700 ℃ on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of S31042 Heat Resistant Steel
To investigate the effect of high temperature ageing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of S31042 steel, solid solution treatment at 700 ℃ was carried out for various time from 10 to 6000 h. Experimental results showed that the change of mechanical properties is closely related to the amount of precipitated phases. During ageing from 10 to 300 h, precipitation in the tested steel increases rapidly, and correspondingly, the high temperature yield strength and room temperature hardness of tested steel increase rapidly. Meanwhile, the thickness of the secondary phase on grain boundaries widens sharply and the room temperature Charpy impact absorb energy decreases. Ageing beyond 300 h, the precipitation in the steel increases gradually and the precipitates coarsen to a certain extent. The high temperature yield strength of the steel keeps stable, and the room temperature Charpy impact energy and hardness decrease slowly. Ageing beyond 3000 h, the mechanical properties of the steel tend to be stable. The main precipitates are M23C6, NbCrN and NbC in the tested steel.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 54-58 [
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59
XU Yi,GE Chang-chun,,SHU Qin
Microstructure, Tensile Properties and Heat Treatment Process of Spray Formed FGH95 Superalloy
The potential of spray forming for microstructural refining can be attractive to the production of superalloys. A 200 mm spray formed FGH95 superalloy round billet that was produced using a single atomizer has considerably homogeneous, small, equiaxed grains. The measured oxygen content is 2×10-5, and the measured porosity is only 0. 6%. The achieved yield of deposit is in a good range of about 73. 6%. The microstructure and tensile properties of nickel-based spray formed FGH95 superalloy are analyzed. Also, effects of heat treatment on microstructure were discussed. The results show that the spray formed FGH95 superalloy has higher isotropy in tensile property due to its γ′ phase homogeneous distribution and less defects in the microstructure. Regarding processing procedures, the different heat treatment processes affect the microstructure and γ′ phase homogeneous distribution of spray formed FGH95 superalloy.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 59-63 [
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64
YANG Geng-wei,,LI Zhao-dong,SUN Xin-jun,YONG Xi,YONG Qi-long
Ultrafine Grained Austenite in a Low Carbon Vanadium Microalloyed Steel
Ultrafine austenite grains with average size of 2 μm were successfully obtained by combining thermo-mechanical control process followed by reheating in a vanadium microalloyed steel. The mixed microstructure transformed from pancaked austenite formed during controlled rolling has a higher density of high angle boundaries, compared to that transformed from equiaxial austenite. It contributes to increasing nucleation density of austenite grain during the reheating process. A certain volume fraction of undissolved nano-sized (Ti,V)C particles, which are formed during the controlled rolling process and/or the reheating process, effectively inhibit austenite grain growth and consequently refine austenite grain size significantly. The critical grain size of austenite calculated by Gladman model agrees well with the experimental result.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 64-69 [
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CAO Yi,WANG Zhao-dong,KANG Jian,WU Di,WANG Guo-dong
Effects of Tempering Temperature and Mo/Ni on Microstructures and Properties of Lath Martensitic Wear-Resistant Steels
The tempering behavior was experimentally studied in lath martensitic wear-resistant steels with various Mo/Ni contents after tempering at different temperatures from 200 to 600 ℃. It is shown that a good combination of hardness (HV) (420-450) and -20 ℃ impact toughness (38-70 J) can be obtained after quenching and tempering at 200-250 ℃. The microstructure at this temperature is lath structure with rod-like and/or flake-like ε-carbide with about 10 nm in width and 100 nm in length in the matrix, and the fracture mechanism is quasi-cleavage fracture combining with ductile fracture. Tempering at temperature from 300 to 400 ℃ results in the primary quasi-cleavage fracture due to the carbide transformation from resolved retained austenite and impurity segregation between laths or blocks. However, when the tempering temperature is higher than 500 ℃, the hardness (HV) is lower than 330 and the fracture mechanism changes to ductile fracture due to the spheroidization and coarsening of cementite. Additions of Mo and Ni have no significant effects on the carbides morphologies at low tempering temperatures, but improve the resistance to softening and embrittling for steels when tempered at above 350 ℃.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 70-75 [
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LI Ming,SHI Zhi-min,LIU Yu-bao
Crevice Corrosion of K60 in Dry Desertification Saline Soil
Corrosion products of K60 crevice samples which were buried in Ordos area were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The result showed that, the corrosion potential decreased differently in the crevice and a maximum negative existed at the bottom side; with pH value reduced, the dissolved oxygen was nearly exhausted in the crevice. When the opening side of the coupons was coupled with each other, the crevice corrosion in the crevice might be accelerated and the pH value gradually reduced; however, the oxygen was not completely exhausted. The unbalanced current density between anode and cathode was the main cause of blocked self-catalysis effect in the crevice, and was also the main cause of corrosion of alloys. Lumpy corrosion happened on the surface of metal, and rusty layer was composed of Fe3O4, Fe2O3, FeO, FeOOH and FeS which distributed in the opening of crevice. There were the reddish-brown corrosion products and white matter which distributed in the form of filiform and spotted in the center part of crevice. The analysis showed that the white matter might include oxide of Fe and NaHCO3.
2013 Vol. 20 (4): 76-80 [
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FANG Chen-fu,HE Bin,ZHAO Zhong-chao,HU Xiao-guang,JIANG Jia-zhong,SHI Zhen
Comparative Study on Processing Property Between CWW CO2 Gas Shielded Welding and SAW
Cable welding wire (CWW) CO2 gas shielded welding is an innovative process arc welding with high efficiency, high quality and low consumption, in which cable wire is used as consumable electrode. CWW CO2 gas shielded welding and submerged arc welding (SAW) are used for contrast studies on processing property of high strength steel A36 used in ship structure. The results show that the shapes of weld seam, using CWW CO2 gas shielded welding and SAW, are good and no weld defect such as air hole, flaw, slag inclusion, incomplete fusion, lack of penetration and so on are found in the weld seam. Because the rotating of arc during CWW CO2 gas shielded welding process has a strong stirring effect on molten pool, the grain in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the joints, using CWW CO2 gas shielded welding, is small. Tensile failure positions of joints by CWW CO2 gas shielded welding and SAW are all in the base metal, but tensile strength of CWW CO2 gas shielded welding joint is higher than that of SAW joint by an average of 2. 3%. The average impact energy of HAZ, using CWW CO2 gas shielded welding and SAW, is almost equal, but the average impact energy of the weld seam using CWW CO2 gas shielded welding is increased by 6%, and the average impact energy of the fusion line is increased by 7%. The 180° bending tests for the joints of CWW CO2 gas shielded welding and SAW are all qualified, and the joints hardness is all less than HV 355, but hardness of CWW CO2 gas shielded welding wire welding joint near the fusion line is obviously lower. It can be concluded that the properties of CWW CO2 gas shielded welding are better than those of the SAW joint, and CWW CO2 gas shielded welding is suitable for welding high strength steel A36 used in ship structure.
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