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2014年 21卷 1期
刊出日期：2014-01-15
材料
工艺
工艺
1
Su-wen CHEN,,Hong-min LIU,,Yan PENG,,Jian-liang SUN,
Slab Analysis of Large Cylindrical Shell Rolling
A Considering the characteristics of large cylindrical shell rolling, such as double driving rolls, asymmetrical rolling and huge workpiece, a slab method was developed to establish the rolling force model. In this model, the non-uniform normal and shear stresses and the upper and lower surface temperatures of the workpiece were taken into account. Moreover, the flow stress model, considering the dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization behaviors of the material, was established. The rolling pressure distribution, the rolling force, the rolling torque and the neutral points could be calculated quickly and easily by the rolling force model. The predicted results were shown to be in good agreement with the measured values, which indicated that the model can satisfy the requirement of industrial application.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 1-8 [
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Hong-wei GUO,,Jun-li BAI,,Jian-liang ZHANG,,Hong-ge LI,
Mechanism of Strength Improvement of Magnetite Pellet by Adding Boron-bearing Iron Concentrate
A The mechanism of improving compressive strength of magnetite pellet by adding boron-bearing iron concentrate was studied. Boron-bearing iron concentrate and magnetite were mixed, pelletized and roasted under different roasting conditions. Then, compressive strength of pellets was tested, and polished sections of the roasted pellets were analyzed from the perspective of mineralogy. Finally, the effects of different proportions, roasting temperatures and roasting time of boron-bearing iron concentrate on the compressive strength of magnetite pellets were investigated and explained.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 9-15 [
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16
Zhao-cai WANG,Zheng-gen LIU,Jue TANG,Man-sheng CHU,Xiang-xin XUE
Analysis of Gas Thermodynamic Utilization and Reaction Kinetic Mechanism in Shaft Furnace
A The technology of coal gasification in shaft furnace is an effective way to develop direct reduction iron in China. In order to clarify the process of the reduction of oxidized pellets in shaft furnace by carbon monoxide or hydrogen in two ways, ie thermodynamics and kinetics, the gas utilization and reaction mechanism were studied by theoretical computations and isothermal thermogravimetric experiment. The results showed that the gas utilization increased with the rise of temperature when xH2/xCO≥1 and with the increase of xCO/(xH2+xCO) when temperature is less than 1073 K. The water-gas shift reaction restrains efficient utilization of gas, particularly in high temperature and hydrogen-rich gas. The gas utilization dropped with increase of carburization quantity of direct reduction iron (DRI) and oxygen potential of atmosphere. With the increase of both temperature and content of H2 in inlet gas, the reaction rate increased. At 100% H2 atmosphere, the interfacial chemical reaction is the dominant reaction restricted step. For the H2-CO mixture atmosphere, the reduction process is controlled by both interfacial chemical reaction and internal diffusion.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 16-23 [
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Xiao-jiang LIU,Guang-ming CAO,Yong-quan HE,Ming YANG,Zhen-yu LIU
Reduction of Oxide Scale with Hydrogen
A During hot rolling process metals will inevitably oxidize because of high temperature and air condition. In order to guarantee the surface quality, acid pickling is applied to remove the oxide scale while waste acid will do harm to the environment. Faced with the problem, by means of reduction process of hot-rolled plates, the oxide scale will be reduced to iron, so that acid pickling is unnecessary. One pass cold rolling procedure was applied. The compression ratios of hot-rolled plates with oxide scale were 10%, 18%, 26% and 31%, respectively. After that, samples mentioned above including a sample without deformation were separately reduced under hydrogen atmosphere condition (5% H2+95% Ar in volume percent) at 600-1000 ℃. The thermal gravimetric apparatus (TGA) was used to establish accurate experimental condition and obtain complete mass loss data. Field emission electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was applied to analyze scale morphology change and composition distribution through the oxide scale. It was found that the sample with 26% compression ratio could be reduced completely at 900 ℃ which was favorable to galvanization.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 24-29 [
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30
Xin-ping MAO,Qi-lin CHEN,Xin-jun SUN
Metallurgical Interpretation on Grain Refinement and Synergistic Effect of Mn and Ti in Ti-microalloyed Strip Produced by TSCR
A The grain refinement mechanism and synergistic effect of Mn and Ti involved in the Ti-microalloying technology of thin slab casting and direct rolling (TSCR) were elucidated. Because the inevitable precipitation of TiN in high Ti-containing liquid steel decreases the volume fraction of TiN precipitated from austenite and the rapid coarsening rate leads to a large size of TiN particles, a relatively weak inhibition effect on the recrystallized grain growth was obtained compared with that in the low Ti-containing steel. However, the ferrite grain size in high Ti-containing steel can be refined by the so-called non-recrystallization rolling. The complex addition of Mn and Ti can improve the strength and toughness of strip remarkably, and the mechanisms are that Mn decreases the transformation temperature, refines the ferrite grains, and enhances the formation of bainite and TiC precipitation in ferrite.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 30-40 [
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41
Li-bin YANG,Liu LIU,Xing-li JIAO,Pu-qiao TONG
Study and Application of Bottom Blowing Technique of Combined Blowing Converter
A The water modelling experiments of 300 t converter concerning combined blowing parameters, the number, and configuration of bottom nozzles are carried out. The results show that the arrangement of 16 bottom nozzles at 040D and 045D (hearth diameter) concentric circles is the reasonable solution. The combined blowing steelmaking technique of 300 t converter has been developed through experiments and studies relating to optimizing the top-bottom combined blowing pattern, the number and configuration of the bottom nozzles, the type selection of bottom nozzle, and bottom nozzle maintenance techniques. The results show that the product of w［C］·w［O］ at endpoint is reduced from 000262 to 000243, average TFe content is decreased by 2%, phosphorus distribution is raised from 7085 to 7895, sulfur distribution is raised from 343 to 432 and manganese content is raised by 002%.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 41-45 [
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46
R. Servin-Castaeda,AM. Garcia-Lara,RD. Mercado-Solís,CA. Vega-Lebrun
Development of Mathematical Model for Control Wear in Backup Roll for Hot Strip Mill
A The precision of strip flatness depends on several factors; wear of rolls is one of the main variables that have influence on the surface quality of the strip. The wear of the rolls represents a complex friction condition, sometimes the wear in the backup roll is not analyzed because the strip is not in contact with the backup roll; however, after several campaigns of rolling, the wear in the backup roll becomes dangerous because the pressure distribution is not uniform. Investigation of mechanism of the surface deterioration of the backup roll for the hot strip rolling is very important for the development of the automatic strip shape control system used in hot strip mills. A mathematical model is developed considering the Hertzian pressure distribution between two cylinders with parallel axes. It is used in real time for calculating the wear in the backup roll and in this manner take decisions for preventing finished product reworking or damage of equipments, which result in accidents caused by excessive wear in the backup rolls.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 46-51 [
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材料
52
Tao WU,Yu-wei GAO,Ming-zhi WANG,Xiao-pu LI,Yu-cheng ZHAO,Qin ZOU
Influence of Initial Microstructure on Warm Deformation Processability and Microstructure of an Ultrahigh Carbon Steel
A Various isothermal compression tests are carried out on an ultrahigh carbon steel (12% C in mass percent), initially quenched or spheroidized, using a Gleeble-3500 system. The true stress is observed to decrease with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. The true stress of the initially quenched steel is lower than that of the initially spheroidized steel at high deformation temperature (700 ℃) and low deformation strain rate (0001 s-1). The value of the deformation activation energy (Q) of the initially quenched steel (33156 kJ/mol) is higher than that of the initially spheroidized steel (29794 kJ/mol). The initially quenched steel has lower efficiency of power dissipation and better processability than the initially spheroidized steel. The warm compression promotes the fragmentation and the spheroidization of lamellar cementites in the initially quenched steel. The fragmentation of lamellar cementites is the spheroidizing mechanism of the cementites in the initially quenched steel. Results of transmission electron microscope investigation showed that fine grains with high angle boundaries are obtained by deformation of the initially quenched steel.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 52-59 [
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Ming-gui QU,Shu-hua SUN,Xing-hong BAI,Zhong-ping SHI,Yang GAO,Wan-tang FU
Hot Deformation Behavior of As-cast AISI M2 High-speed Steel Containing Mischmetal
A The hot deformation behavior of as-cast AISI M2 high-speed steel containing mischmetal (RE) has been investigated on a Gleeble-3500 simulator in the temperature range of 1000-1150 ℃ and strain rate range of 001-10 s-1 at true strain of 10. The mechanical behavior has been characterized using stress-strain curve analysis, kinetic analysis, processing maps, etc. Metallographic investigation was performed to evaluate the mechanism of flow instability. The results show that the deformation activation energy decreases with increasing deformation temperature; the efficiency of power dissipation increases with decreasing strain rate and increasing temperature; flow instability is observed at low-to-medium temperature and higher strain rate region when the strain is smaller, but extends to lower strain rate and high temperature regions with the increment of strain, in which it is manifested as flow localization near the grain boundary. Hot deformation equations and processing maps are obtained. The optimal processing window is suggested and the deformation mechanism is dynamic recrystallization (DRX).
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 60-68 [
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Zi-xing ZHANG,Qing-xuan RAN,Yu-lai XU,Xiao-jiang YU,Da-wei JIANG,Xue-shan XIAO
A New Series of Mo-free 215Cr-35Ni-xW-02N Economical Duplex Stainless Steels
A A new series of economical Mo-free duplex stainless steels 215Cr-35Ni-xW-02N (x=18-30, mass%) have been developed. The effects of W on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were investigated, and the microstructures were analyzed by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The designed steels have a balanced ferrite-austenite relation and are free of sigma phase after solution treatment at 750-1300 ℃ for 30 min followed by water-quenching, whereas a small number of Cr23C6 precipitates were found after solution treatment at 750 ℃. After solution treatment at 1050 ℃, the steel with 18% (mass percent) W exhibits the highest room temperature tensile strength due to the strongest work hardening effect, while the steel with 30% (mass percent) W exhibits the highest fracture elongation owing to the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect. The ductile-brittle transition (DBT) and martensite transformation are respectively found in the ferrite and austenite, which deteriorates the impact properties of the steels with the increase of W content. The corrosion resistance of the designed steels is improved with the increase of W content. The pitting resistance of austenite is obviously better than that of ferrite for the designed alloys. Among the designed steels, the steel with 18% (mass percent) W is found to be an optimum steel with excellent comprehensive properties and lowest production cost.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 69-75 [
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76
Hui-bin WU,Li-fu LIU,Li-dong WANG,Yue-ting LIU
Influence of Chromium on Mechanical Properties and CO2/H2S Corrosion Behavior of P110 Grade Tube Steel
A Four kinds of P110 grade tube steels containing different chromium contents were designed to probe the influence of Cr on the properties of tube steel. The microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the four kinds of P110 grade tube steels were studied deeply and thoroughly. The analysis of the mechanical properties indicated that tensile strength and yield strength of the steel plates were improved, while transverse and longitudinal impact energy and elongation first increased and then decreased when Cr content rose. The impact energy and elongation reached the peak when Cr content was 1%. Cr precipitates were found only in 3% Cr steel, with (Nb,Ti)(C,N) or Nb(C,N) as the core of precipitation and then grew up. The corrosion experiments demonstrated that the scales on the four steels had a two-layer structure under the corrosion of CO2 and H2S. The outer layer was mainly composed of FeS or FeS1-x and the inner layer consisted of FeCO3 and Cr compounds. Cr was rich in the inner layer and the Cr content of the inner layer increased with the Cr content in matrix. The enriched Cr enhanced the compactness of the scales, further hindering the diffusion of ions from liquid to the surface of steel, thus reducing corrosion rate.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 76-85 [
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86
Xiao-guang ZHOU,Zhen-yu LIU,Sheng-yong SONG,Di WU,Guo-dong WANG
Upgrade Rolling Based on Ultra Fast Cooling Technology for C-Mn Steel
A By measuring the expansion curves of a C-Mn steel at different cooling rates by using an MMS-300 thermomechanical simulator, continuous cooling transformation curves were obtained. The new process “ultra fast cooling+laminar cooling” was simulated and the effects of ultra fast cooling ending temperature on microstructure had also been investigated. The hot rolling experiment was done by adopting “high temperature rolling+forepart ultra fast cooling” technologies at laboratory scale. The results revealed that ultra fast cooling can delay the decrease of dislocation density and refine ferrite grains. Diversity control of the microstructure and phase transformation strengthening can be realized by changing the ultra fast cooling ending temperature. With the decrease of ultra fast cooling ending temperature, the strength and toughness increase, but plasticity does not decrease obviously. The new technique can improve the yield strength by over 50 MPa. Therefore, the upgrade of mechanical properties of C-Mn steel can be realized by using “high temperature rolling+ultra fast cooling+laminar cooling” technique. Compared with “low temperature rolling with large deformation degree” technique, this new technology can decrease the rolling force and increase the production efficiency.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 86-90 [
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Ji-ping CHEN,Yong-lin KANG
Interstitial Solution Carbon Concentration and Defects of Ti+Nb ULC-BH Steel by Internal Friction and Positron Annihilation Methods
A The interstitial solution carbon concentration and defects in continuously annealed Ti+Nb bearing ULC-BH (ultra-low carbon bake hardening) steel samples are investigated by multi-functional internal friction apparatus, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy (CDBS). The relationship of internal friction peaks, interstitial solution carbon concentrations and movable dislocations in the samples under different conditions is analyzed. A correlation of lifetime component τ1 values with interstitial solution carbon concentrations in the samples for different continuous annealing processes is established, while a correlation of lifetime component τ2 values with multi-vacancies, vacancy clusters, microvoids and other types of defects for various continuous annealing processes is also demonstrated. Furthermore, the average lifetime results illustrate the overall defect densities for various continuous annealing processes. The CDBS analysis reflects the chemical surroundings of the defects at the annihilation sites and reveals that the peak heights of the ratio curves relate to the total number of defects such as interstitial carbon atoms, dislocations, vacancies and other types of defects. The results show that internal friction, PALS and CDBS are effective techniques to identify and characterize the interstitial solution carbon concentration, multi-vacancies, vacancy clusters, microvoids and other types of microscopic defects in annealed Ti+Nb bearing ULC-BH steel.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 91-97 [
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Xiang-tao DENG,Zhao-dong WANG,Yi HAN,Hui ZHAO,Guo-dong WANG
Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Behavior of Medium Carbon Low Alloy Martensitic Abrasion Resistant Steel
A The effect of processing parameters such as hot rolling and heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated for a new 027mass% C and Ni, Mo-free low alloy martensitic abrasion resistant steel. The three-body impact abrasive wear behavior was also analyzed. The results showed that two-step controlled rolling besides quenching at 880 ℃ and tempering at 170 ℃ could result in optimal mechanical property: the Brinell hardness, tensile strength, elongation and -40 ℃ impact toughness were 531, 1530 MPa, 118% and 58 J, respectively. The microstructure was of fine lath martensite with little retained austenite. Three-body impact abrasive wear results showed that wear mechanism was mainly of plastic deformation fatigue when the impact energy was 2 J, and the relative wear resistance was 104 times higher than that of the same grade compared steel under the same working condition. The optimal hardness and toughness match was the main reason of higher wear resistance.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 98-103 [
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Zhi-tao HUANG,Wen-huai TIAN
Effects of Mo Contents in Matrix on Microstructure and Properties of Vanadium Carbide Coating Formed by Thermal Diffusion Treatment
A Thermal diffusion salt-bath vanadizing was finished for Cr12MoV die steel, in order to investigate the properties of vanadium carbide coatings related with the Mo contents in Cr12MoV die steel. Scanning electron microscopic observation reveals that Mo can decrease the growth rate of coating as a carbide forming element. Besides, Mo element can promote grain refinement of the coating. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the different Mo contents have no influence on the phase structure of the coatings. Energy dispersive spectrum analysis and mechanical properties test show that Mo can diffuse into the coating and make a strengthening effect on the coating.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 104-108 [
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Hong-ying SUN,,Zhang-jian ZHOU,Man WANG,Xiao LI
Effect of Thermomechanical Parameters on Σ3n Grain Boundaries and Grain Boundary Networks of a New Superaustenitic Stainless Steel
A Hot compression tests were conducted in a temperature range of 800-1100 ℃ and strain rate range of 01-10 s-1 using a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator to investigate the influence of hot deformation parameters (temperatures, strain rates and strains) on the grain boundary network evolution of a new grade Fe-Cr-Ni superaustenitic stainless steel. The results showed that a dominant effect of deformed temperature is Σ3n (n=0, 1, 2, 3) boundaries population increased with decreasing temperature, while they first increased and then reduced with increasing strain and strain rate. Interestingly, besides Σ3n (n=1, 2, 3) twin grain boundaries, some Σ1 boundaries could interrupt grain boundaries network effectively, which enhance material performances. But they are scarcely reported. The misorientation of some segments LAGBs in the deformed microstructure (pancaked grains) increased and slid to high angle grain boundaries with increasing the fraction of recrystallized grains during hot deformation.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 109-115 [
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Xian PENG,,Ding-yi ZHU,Zhen-ming HU,Ming-jie WANG,,Long-long LIU,Hai-jun LIU
Effect of Carbon Content on Stacking Fault Energy of Fe-20Mn-3Cu TWIP Steel
A The influence of carbon content on the stacking fault energy (SFE) of Fe-20Mn-3Cu twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction peak-shift method and thermodynamic modeling. The experimental result indicated that the stacking fault probability decreases with increasing carbon addition, the SFE increases linearly when the carbon content in mass percent is between 023% and 141%. The thermodynamic calculation results showed that the SFE varied from 2240 to 2964 mJ·m-2 when the carbon content in mass percent changes from 023% to 141%. The XRD analysis revealed that all steels were fully austenitic before and after deformation, which suggested that TWIP effect is the predominant mechanism during the tensile deformation process of Fe-20Mn-3Cu-XC steels.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 116-120 [
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121
M. Behpour,N. Mohammadi,E. Alian
Electrochemical and Mass Loss Investigations of New Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel
A Corrosion inhibition effect of a new compound on mild steel in 6 mol/L HCl medium was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Tafel polarization and mass loss methods. The results of mass loss and electrochemical methods indicated inhibition efficiency increase with increasing in inhibitor concentration. Polarization investigation revealed that inhibitor is mixed type inhibitor. The results of Nyquist plots were analyzed through appropriate equivalent circuit model. The thermodynamic parameters showed chemisorption-physisorption of inhibitor on mild steel surface in acid media.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 121-124 [
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125
Chao CHEN,,Yue ZHENG,Yue ZHANG,Xiao-hui LU,Cheng-jia SHANG
Life Prediction of Newly Developed Ferritic Stainless Steels for Automotive Muffler
A Corrosion mechanism of automotive mufflers was investigated by SEM (scanning electron microscope) and XRD (X-ray diffractomer) analysis. 409L and newly developed 439M steels were evaluated in terms of condensate corrosion tests for 5 periods, 10 periods and 20 periods separately. The relative lifetimes of 409L and 439M steels were predicted according to the extreme value analysis method and pitting corrosion models. Modelling studies demonstrated that the predicted relative lifetime of 439M ferrite stainless steel is 68 times that of 409L steels. The extreme value analysis method was also successfully used in the road test. The estimated maximum corrosion depth of the 439M muffler is 055 mm.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 125-130 [
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131
Ru-meng WANG,Su-zhen LUO,Lai-zhu JIANG
Cr Release from Stainless Steels
A Cr release from stainless steels in different simulant fluids according to different test conditions is carried out with emphasis on ferritic stainless steels. Effects of Cr content and surface roughness on Cr release are discussed specially with a relation to corrosion resistant and passive film formation. Some primary results are attained: (1) higher Cr content means better corrosion resistance including higher potential and lower corrosion rate and less amount of Cr release from base metal; (2) decreasing surface roughness is in favor of the formation of passive film which can retrain Cr release from base metal effectively; (3) Cr content and surface roughness have synthetical effects on Cr release with a narrow innoxious field referring to surface roughness with decreasing Cr content in stainless steels.
2014 Vol. 21 (1): 131-134 [
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