钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2015年 22卷 1期
刊出日期：2015-01-15
Material
Metallurgy and Metal Working
Metallurgy and Metal Working
1
Run-sheng XU,Jian-liang ZHANG,Hai-bin ZUO,Ke-xin JIAO,Zheng-wen HU,Xiang-dong XING
Mechanisms of Swelling of Iron Ore Oxidized Pellets in High Reduction Potential Atmosphere
The influences of the time, temperature and atmosphere on the reduction swelling of oxidized pellets were investigated by single factor experiments. The mechanisms of reduction swelling of oxidized pellets were analyzed and investigated by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and XRD (X-ray diffractometer) analysis. The results show that the change rules of reduction swelling index of oxidized pellets in different reduction atmospheres are very similar. With the increase of reduction time, the reduction swelling index moves up firstly and then down. When the reduction temperature is above 900 ℃, α-quartz turns into α-tridymite, and the transition generates additional volume expansion effect. The reduction swelling index changes faster in H2 atmosphere than in CO atmosphere. Increasing H2 content in the reduction atmosphere is useful to decrease the reduction swelling index, but it is also easy to cause oxidized pellets cracking.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 1-8 [
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9
Li ZHU,Keng WU,Er-hua ZHANG,Yuan SHE,Wen-long ZHAN,Qi-hang LIU
A Modified Model for Calculating Theoretical Flame Temperature in Blast Furnace and Its Application
The theoretical flame temperature (TFT) before tuyere, always highly concerned by blast furnace (BF) operators, is one of the most important parameters for evaluating the thermal state of hearth. However, some influencing parameters, for example, the SiO2 reduction by carbon, were always neglected or inaccurate when calculating the TFT. According to the definition of TFT, the temperature of coke into raceway and the reduction rate of SiO2 in ash of coke and pulverized coal were obtained by analyzing the samples before tuyere in blast furnace. Taking full account of different factors, a modified model for calculating the TFT in blast furnace was established. The effects of the oxygen enrichment rate, the reduction rate of SiO2 in raceway, the ash content in coke and pulverized coal and the pulverized coal injection (PCI) rate on TFT were determined quantitatively. The modified model was applied to selecting the used coal for PCI in blast furnace. Considering the different SiO2 contents of mixed coal, the calculated TFT remained a stable level. This showed that the selected coal could be suitable for PCI in blast furnace.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 9-14 [
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15
Zuo-shun ZHANG,,Fang LIAN,Lai-jun MA,Yu-sheng JIANG
Effects of Quicklime and Iron Tailings as Modifier on Composition and Properties of Steel Slag
Steel slag had lower activity and much lower hydration rate than cement. Quicklime and iron tailings were designed as modification agent to adjust the composition and properties of high temperature steel slag. The results show that quicklime as modifier can greatly increase the content of cementitious minerals in modified steel slag and also promote the decomposition of RO phases and transformation of MgO in RO phase to f-MgO. After high temperature modification with compound modifier of quicklime and iron tailings, steel slag shows the main mineral phases of C3S, C2F and MgFe2O4. The activity index of modified steel slag at 28 days reaches 95.5% when the steel slag is modified by 15% of the compound modifier with the ratio of quicklime to iron tailings equal to 2∶1 at 1350 ℃. Moreover, the sample with the modified steel slag exhibits the dense structure of hydration paste and the main hydration products of C-S-H gels and Ca(OH)2 crystals.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 15-20 [
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21
Xiao-hui SHEN,Wei CHEN,Jun YAN,Lei ZHANG,Jing ZHANG
Experiment and Simulation of Metal Flow in Multi-stage Forming Process of Railway Wheel
To investigate the metal flow during the railway wheel forming process, experiments and finite element method (FEM) simulation were carried out. An axisymmetric modeling for the wheel rolling process was proposed to predict the metal flow in radial direction, by which the whole multi-stage forming process could be simulated in axisymmetric and integral way. The result shows that the axisymmetric simulation method was an effective method to explore the metal flow in radial direction and to analyze the relationships of tools motion during the wheel rolling. The detail information about metal flow in railway wheel forming process was obtained. The metal in the wheel web was from the area near the half radius of the original billet; the chill zone of the billet became an envelope of the rim and part of the web with a maximum thickness of about 6 mm below the tread. At the wheel rolling stage, the metal in the rim flowed towards the web; the metal near the surfaces of the conjunction region between the web and rim suffered severe shear deformation.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 21-29 [
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30
Qiang WANG,De-jun LI,Xing-an LIU,Xue-bin WANG,Jie DONG,Ji-cheng HE
Effects of Steel Teeming in New Slide Gate System with Electromagnetic Induction
Steel teeming time is a very important parameter in the new slide gate system with electromagnetic induction (called electromagnetic steel teeming system), and how to shorten this time is a key to realize application of the new system in continuous casting. The effects of power parameters, coil position, nozzle material and other factors on the steel teeming time were investigated by a self-designed electromagnetic steel teeming system in detail. The experimental results show that the relationship between power and steel teeming time is nonlinear. The coil position has great influence on steel teeming time. And the upper nozzle with high permeability can reduce the teeming time. In addition, the steel teeming time becomes minimum when the size of the spherical cast iron particles is 2.0 mm. This research can provide technical references for the industrial application of the new electromagnetic steel teeming system.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 30-35 [
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36
Jun-jie SUN,Zhi-guo LUO,Zhan-xia DI,Tao ZHANG,Heng ZHOU,Zong-shu ZOU
Definition of Raceway Boundary Using Fractal Theory
The particle velocity contours were obtained by tracking the tracer particles in the raceway region of the COREX melter gasifier model and the contours were irregular. According to the fractal theory, the fractal dimensions of different particle velocity contours were determined. Through the analysis of the fractal dimensions, a new method for precise determination of the raceway boundary was proposed. The results show that, when the velocity is less than 0.18 m/s, the particles are located in the stagnant zone and the fractal dimensions of particle velocity contours are almost constant as 1.41; when the velocity increases from 0.18 to 0.83 m/s, the particles are located in the rapid movement zone and the fractal dimensions decrease gradually from 1.41 to 1.05; when the velocity is greater than 0.83 m/s, the particles are located in the cavity zone and the fractal dimensions are again almost constant as approaching to 1.00. Therefore, the velocity contour of 0.18 m/s, which is critical to distinguish the rapid movement zone and stagnant zone, can be used to define the raceway boundary. Based on this method, the effect of blowing rate on raceway size was calculated and the results show that the penetration depth and height of the raceway increase with the increase of blowing rate.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 36-41 [
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Material
42
Chang WANG,Wen-quan CAO,Yun HAN,Cun-yu WANG,Chong-xiang HUANG,Han DONG
Influences of Austenization Temperature and Annealing Time on Duplex Ultrafine Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium Mn Steel
A duplex ultrafine microstructure in a medium manganese steel (0.2C-5Mn) was produced by austenite reverted transformation annealing (ART-annealing). The microstructural evolution during annealing was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on the microstructure examination, it was found that some M3C type carbides appeared in the martensitic matrix at the beginning of the ART-annealing. But with further increasing annealing time, these carbides would be dissolved and finally disappeared. Meanwhile, the austenite lath was developed in the ART-annealing process and the volume fraction of austenite increased with the increase of the annealing time, which resulted in a duplex microstructure consisting of ultrafine-grained ferrite and large fraction of reverted austenite after long time annealing. The mechanical property examinations by uniaxial tensile tests showed that ART-annealing (6 h, 650 ℃) resulted in a superhigh product of strength to elongation up to 42 GPa·%.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 42-47 [
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48
Yi GAO,Chao XU,Zhong-ping HE,Yan-lin HE,Lin LI
Response Characteristics and Adiabatic Heating during High Strain Rate for TRIP Steel and DP Steel
By using a static and high-speed material testing machine, tensile deformation behaviors of two kinds of Si-Mn TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) steels and DP (dual phase) steel were studied in a large range of strain rates (0.001-2000 s-1). Temperature variation during adiabatic heating and the amount of retained austenite at fracture were measured by an infrared thermometer and an X-ray stress analyser, respectively. The microstructure of steels was observed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after tensile test. It was found from the experimental results that the tensile strength of these steels increased, and the fracture elongation firstly decreased and subsequently increased, as the strain rate increased in the range of 0.1-2000 s-1. The temperature raised during adiabatic heating of TRIP steel was in the range of 100-300 ℃, while that of the DP steel was in the range of 100-220 ℃. The temperature rise of these steels increased with increasing the strain rate, as well as the amount of the transformed retained austenite in TRIP steels. It was confirmed that austenite to martensite transformation is not suppressed by adiabatic heating.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 48-54 [
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55
Yi XIONG,,Tian-tian HE,Feng-zhang REN,,Peng-yan LI,Lu-fei CHEN,Alex A. VOLINSKY
Microstructure Evolution and Microhardness of Ultrafine-grained High Carbon Steel during Multiple Laser Shock Processing
Surface microstructure and microhardness of (ferrite+cementite) microduplex structure of the ultrafine-grained high carbon steel after laser shock processing (LSP) with different impact times were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microhardness measurements. Equiaxed ferrite grains were refined from 400 to 150 nm, and the cementite lamellae were fully spheroidized, with a decrease of the particle diameter from 150 to 100 nm as the impact times increased. The cementite dissolution was enhanced significantly. Correspondingly, the lattice parameter of α-Fe and microhardness increased with the impact times.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 55-59 [
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60
Chao SUN,Shan-wu YANG,Rui ZHANG,Xian WANG,Hui GUO
Influence of Plastic Deformation on Thermal Stability of Low Carbon Bainitic Steel
Bainite is metastable due to its high dislocation density, and consequently bainitic steel structures have the problem of thermal stability. Plastic deformation of bainite can further increase dislocation density and change dislocation configuration at the same time. The influence of plastic deformation on thermal stability of low carbon bainitic steel during isothermal holding at 650 ℃ was investigated with hardness analysis, in-situ tracing metallographic analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Bainite in the low carbon steel evolves into polygonal ferrite via recovery and recrystallization during isothermal holding at 650 ℃. There is a considerably long period (about 20 h) between end of recovery and commencement of recrystallization of undeformed bainite, in which the hardness of the sample maintains a constant value slightly lower than that before reheating. Slight plastic deformation of bainite induces rearrangement of pre-existing dislocations and forming of low-energy dislocation cells inside bainite laths, which has little influence on thermal stability of bainite, whereas heavy plastic deformation results in obvious dislocation multiplication and accelerates recrystallization of bainite. Recrystallization of heavily-deformed bainite occurs preferentially at prior austenite grains boundaries. The samples subjected to heavy torsion exhibit obviously higher thermal stability than the samples subjected to heavy compression despite their same initial hardness, which can be attributed to different influences of torsion and compression on dislocations and boundaries of bainite.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 60-66 [
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67
Chun-bo HUANG,,Tian-cheng LIU,,Xiang-yue WANG,,Cao-wei LU,,De-ren LI,,Zhi-chao LU,
Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Powder Cores Fabricated by Mechanically Crushed Powders
Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si15.5B7 nanocrystalline powder cores with different particle sizes ranging from 10 to 125 μm were fabricated by cold-pressing techniques. The cores exhibited increased core loss Pcv and decreased initial permeability μi with addition of fine powders below 50 μm in size, and the content should be less than 40 mass%. It was thought to be closely related to the high coercive force Hc due to the stresses generated during the crushing process and high demagnetization fields of small powders. Furthermore, modifying the alloy compositions by adding defined amount of Ni could improve the soft magnetic properties, including superior characteristics of permeability under high direct current (DC) bias field and comparable low core loss at high frequency.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 67-71 [
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72
Jun-ping YUAN,Wei LI,Chang WANG,Chun-yu MA,Ling-xia CHEN,De-dong CHEN
Nickel Release Rate of Several Nickel-containing Stainless Steels for Jewelries
Nickel-containing stainless steels have been widely applied in watch and jewelry production, and their responses to the Nickel Directive become a universal concern in the industry. The nickel release rates and corrosion behaviors of types 316L, 304, 303 and 201 stainless steels under the conditions of solid solution and mirror polishing were studied by artificial sweat soaking and electrochemical methods. The results show that the weekly nickel release rates in artificial sweat do not strictly correspond to the nickel contents, which present a descending order as 303 stainless steel of 2.06 μg/cm2, 201 stainless steel of 1.51 μg/cm2, 304 stainless steel of 0.08 μg/cm2 and 316L stainless steel of 0.02 μg/cm2. Both the nickel release rates of type 303 and 201 stainless steels significantly exceed the threshold values regulated in EN1811∶2011; therefore, they should be avoided to be used as watch and jewelry materials owing to the risk of nickel sensitization. The nickel release rates of 316L and 304 stainless steels meet the requirements of the standard. Sulfide inclusions in stainless steel become the sources of pitting and exacerbate the damage of the passivation membrane, which is the significant cause to enhance the nickel release rates.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 72-77 [
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78
Wen-jie ZHENG,Xian-ping WEI,Zhi-gang SONG,Qi-long YONG,Han FENG,Qing-cheng XIE
Effects of Carbon Content on Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Alloy
For improving the service performance of Inconel 718 alloy, especially used as a corrosion-resistant alloy for special environment, the microstructure and mechanical property of different carbon-containing Inconel 718 alloys were investigated by the Thermo-Calc software and experiments. The experimental results indicated that the morphology, distribution and types of carbides mainly existing in the form of MC were hardly influenced by solution treatment at 1050 ℃ for 1 h. The precipitation amount and particle size of carbides decreased with the decrease of carbon content, which was the main reason resulting in the increase of ductility and toughness. In addition, moving dislocation could be restrained by the precipitation of carbides. Therefore, the strength could benefit from the precipitation strengthening of carbides when the precipitation of γ′/γ″ phase was not influenced by the precipitation of carbides.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 78-83 [
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84
Ting SUN,Ren-bo SONG,Xu WANG,Peng DENG,Chun-jing WU
Abrasive Wear Behavior and Mechanism of High Chromium Cast Iron
The abrasive wear behavior of high chromium cast iron (containing 12.9 mass% chromium) austenitized at 1050 ℃ for 2 h and austempered in salt bath at 320 ℃ for 4 h was evaluated. Abrasive wear was performed using alumina abrasive under four different loads, namely 50, 100, 150, and 200 N, for 36000 cycles. The worn surfaces and wear debris were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, laser confocal microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Micro-hardness profiles were also obtained in order to analyze the strain-hardening effects beneath the contact surfaces. Results indicate that the retained austenite in high chromium cast iron has experienced induced martensitic transformation after tests, for small amounts of retained austenite could be detected by X-ray diffraction. In addition, there is a close relationship between wear mechanism and test load. Under the condition of lower test load, the wear mechanism is an uninterrupted and repeated process, during which matrix is cut at first and then fine carbides flake off. As to higher test load, scratching and spalling induced by cleavage fracture of blocky carbide are the wear mechanism.
2015 Vol. 22 (1): 84-90 [
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