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2021年 28卷 11期
刊出日期：2021-11-25
综述
论著
简讯
综述
1341
Ling-zhi Yang, Hang Hu, Ze-shi Yang, Bo-tao Xue, Yu-feng Guo, Shuai Wang
A review on bath fluid flow stirring technologies in EAF steelmaking
In the contemporary electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking industry, increasing contents and temperature homogenization via fluid flow stirring is found to be an effective method of improving production quality and smelting efficiency. It is a trend for different factories with bowl-shaped furnaces to apply the bath fluidity enhancement technology. EAF has plenty of advantages in modern steelmaking industry, and the improvements on the EAF steelmaking process have come up with two major tasks, namely reduction in energy consumption and tap-to-tap time. The latter task requires an essential understanding of every phase in EAF steelmaking process. The flat bath phase with poor bath fluid flow was crucial to the product quality and metallurgical efficiency considering EAF’s bowl-shaped structure. The research of three stirring bath methods, oxygen jets injection, electromagnetic stirring, and bottom blowing, were introduced, and then the detailed parameters of each method with their influences on molten bath fluidity were presented.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1341-1351 [
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简讯
1352
R.D. Liu, Y.Z. Li, L. Lin, C.P. Huang, Z.H. Cao, M.X. Huang
Strain rate sensitivity of a 1.5 GPa nanotwinned steel
Two distinct regimes of strain rate sensitivity on yield strength are found in a high-strength nantwinned steel. The yield strength increases from 1410 to 1776 MPa when the strain rate increases from 10
–3
to 1400 s
-1
. It is proposed from the measured small activation volume that the yielding of the nanotwinned steel at higher strain rates is governed by the dislocation bowing out from the carbon atmosphere. At lower strain rates, however, the yielding is controlled by the continuous re-pinning of dislocations due to the fast diffused carbon atoms, which leads to the relative insensitivity of yield strength to the strain rate.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1352-1356 [
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论著
1357
Lin-cheng Liu, Hai-bin Zuo, Wen-guo Liu, Zhi-qiang Xu
Preparation of calcium ferrite by flue gas desulfurization gypsum
At present, the continuous accumulation of the flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum in steel plants leads to the serious environmental issues and resource waste. To achieve green and sustainable development for the steel industry, it is significant to improve the usage of by-product gypsum. Employing the sintering FGD gypsum, ferric oxide, and graphite carbon as raw materials, the effects of the carbon content, reaction time, and molar ratio of CaO to Fe
2
O
3
on the desulfurization rate of gypsum were studied based on the orthogonal experiment. The results show that the order of the three influencing factors on the desulfurization rate of FGD gypsum is: molar ratio of CaO to Fe
2
O
3
>reaction time>carbon content. Under the optimal conditions of 20 wt.% carbon content, 4 h reaction time, and 1:1 molar ratio of CaO to Fe
2
O
3
, the desulfurization rate of desulfurization gypsum is 95.79%, and 97.57 wt.% of calcium ferrite appears in the solid product, which can be used as sintering additive to increase the economic benefits of enterprises and realize the green ecological development mode of internal generation and internal digestion of solid waste in iron and steel enterprises.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1357-1365 [
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1366
Qiang Zhong, Hui-bo Liu, Liang-ping Xu, Xin Zhang, Ming-jun Rao, Zhi-wei Peng, Guang-hui Li, Tao Jiang
An efficient method for iron ore sintering with high-bed layer: double-layer sintering
Poor permeability and low sintering productivity restrict the development of high-bed sintering. An efficient method of the double-layer sintering process (DLSP) was proposed to achieve high-bed sintering and solve the aforementioned problems. Theoretical calculation and sintering pot experiments were implemented to investigate the double-layer sintering process. Traditional sintering process and DLSP were compared in terms of sintering indices, metallurgical properties and morphology characterization. Under the condition of traditional sintering process, DLSP successfully realized fast velocity and highly productive sintering of 1000-mm high bed. After the sintering bed is charged and ignited twice, the air permeability of the bed has been greatly improved. Sintering time is shortened significantly by simultaneous sintering of the upper and lower feed layers. Under the condition of bed height proportion of 350/650 mm and pre-sintering time of 20 min, the yield, tumbler strength, productivity and solid fuel consumption are 69.96%, 65.87%, 1.71 t (m
2
h)
-1
and 56.71 kg/t, respectively. Magnetite, hematite, calcium ferrite and complex calcium ferrite are the main phases of DLSP products. The metallurgical properties of DSLP products meet the requirement of ironmaking. It indicates that DLSP is an effective method to solve the disadvantages of bad permeability and low sintering productivity in high-bed sintering.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1366-1374 [
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1375
Ze-ting Du, Lei Zou, Cui-ping Guo, Xue-ping Ren, Chang-rong Li
Phase stability of Fe
23
Zr
6
and thermodynamic reassessment of Fe–Zr system
The stability of the Fe
23
Zr
6
phase in Fe–Zr system was studied, and the partial Fe–Zr phase diagram was revised by means of X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis and differential thermal analysis methods. On the basis of the experimental results in the present work and literature, the Fe–Zr system was reassessed using CALculation of PHAse Diagram (CALPHAD) method. Solution phases, liquid, fcc, bcc and hcp, are modeled as the substitutional solution. The intermetallic compounds, hex.-Fe
2
Zr, Fe
2
Zr, FeZr
2
and FeZr
3
phases, are treated as Fe
2
(Fe, Zr)
1
, (Fe, Zr)
2
(Fe, Zr)
1
, (Fe, Zr)
1
Zr
2
and (Fe, Zr)
1
(Fe, Zr)
3
by a two-sublattice model, respectively. The Fe
23
Zr
6
phase is treated as stoichiometric compound. A set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters of the Fe–Zr system was obtained. The results confirm the stability of Fe
23
Zr
6
phase, improve the phase diagram of the Fe–Zr system and provide a theoretical reference for the development of Zr alloys.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1375-1389 [
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1390
Mian-guang Xu, Miao-yong Zhu
Physical and computational study of a novel submerged entry nozzle design for twin-roll casting process
With significant emphasis on reducing the turbulence in the bath and the need for effective distribution of metal along the roller length in twin-roll casting, a novel submerged entry nozzle (SEN) configuration with two ‘‘gap regions’’ was provided. The ‘‘gap regions’’ of the new SEN divide the bath into two parts, the ‘‘upper melt bath’’ (casting region) and the “lower melt bath’’ (rolling region). The newly designed SEN was tested by using both full-scale water modeling experiments and numerical simulations. Results demonstrated that the turbulence could only be found near the rotating roller surfaces. The ‘‘gap regions’’ can make the near-wall flows more uniform. They can also prevent the instabilities in the “upper melt bath’’ to be transferred to the ‘‘lower melt bath’’, thus improving the stability of the process. Moreover, the novel SEN can stabilize the meniscus where the initial solidification occurs. This is achieved by increasing the SEN immersion depth, which in turn, can enlarge the volume of the upper part of the bath.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1390-1399 [
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1400
Xiu-hua Tian, Tian-liang Fu, Zhao-dong Wang, Guo-dong Wang
Heat transfer characteristics for double-jet in different flow regions on a thick plate
During multi-jet cooling, the complex hydrodynamic characteristics caused by the interaction between jets will affect the heat transfer of the plate. To further clarify the heat transfer characteristics in different flow regions, the double-jet cooling experiments were completed on a 50-mm-thick plate with the initial cooling temperature and jet angle in the range of 300–900 °C and 0°–60° , respectively. The inverse heat conduction was used to calculate the surface temperature and heat flux. Furthermore, the rewetting phenomenon, maximum heat flux and maximum cooling speed were studied. The results show that increasing the angle between jet and wall normal would increase the wetting front’s width downstream of the jet point. When the jet angle was 60° , the maximum value increased by 37.29 mm compared with that when the angle was 0 . The correlation between the width of the wetting front and the radial temperature gradient was further confirmed. In addition, it was found that the maximum heat flux would be affected by the duration of transition boiling, but not affected by complete wetting time. The results clarified the heat transfer mechanisms under various initial cooling temperature and inclination angle conditions on plate cooling in different flow regions, and provided valuable data for controlling heat transfer efficiency and improving cooling uniformity.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1400-1407 [
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1408
Wei Gong, Cheng Wang, Peng-fei Wang, Zhou-hua Jiang, Rui Wang, Hua-bing Li
Effect of La on inclusions and fracture toughness of low-alloy ultrahigh-strength 40CrNi2Si2MoVA steel
The effect of La on inclusions and fracture toughness of 40CrNi2Si2MoVA steel was investigated via the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, image software and electronic universal testing machine. The results reveal that the inclusions in steel without La are mainly MnS and Al2O3–MnS, while the inclusions in steels with La primarily contain La–O–S, La–S and other rare earth complex inclusions contain P and As. La–O–S and La–S are formed under the steelmaking temperature and act as the nucleation core of rare earth complex inclusions containing P and As. According to the segregation model, La–O–S–P–As and La–S–P–As are formed through chemical reactions during the solidification stage. As La content in steels increases from 0 to 0.032 mass%, the average spacing of inclusions is gradually increased from 5.28 to 15.91 μm. The volume fraction of inclusions in steels containing less than 0.018 mass% La approaches 0.006%; however, it is significantly improved to 0.058% when La content is increased to 0.032 mass%. With the increase in La content, the fracture toughness is firstly improved from 63.1 to 80.0 MPa m
1/2
due to the increase in average spacing of inclusions and then decreases to 69.6 MPa m
1/2
owing to the excessive increase in volume fraction of inclusions. The optimal fracture toughness is found in 40CrNi2Si2MoVA steel with 0.018 mass% La.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1408-1416 [
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1417
Ren-yuan Zhou, Shi-xian Li, Li-hui Zhu, Guo-li Zhai, Ming Song
Investigation of reheat cracking susceptibility in CGHAZ of modified T23 steel
T23 steel (2.25Cr–1Mo–1.6W–0.24V–0.05Nb, in wt.%) has been widely used as water walls in ultra-supercritical (USC) power plants. However, high reheat cracking susceptibility of T23 steel hazarded the safety of USC power plants. It is aimed to improve the reheat cracking susceptibility of T23 steel from the perspective of modifying chemical composition. Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator was used to simulate the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) in T23 and modified T23 steels via thermal simulation of welding, and then evaluate the reheat cracking susceptibility in CGHAZ of T23 and modified T23 steels by the isothermal slow strain rate tensile test. The microstructure was systematically investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the reheat cracking susceptibility of modified T23 steel is extremely improved. Compared with T23 steel, there are fewer M
23
C
6
particles at the grain boundaries in modified T23 steel, and the degree of intergranular weakening is smaller. At the same time, not only MX in the grain interiors but also the solid-solutioned C and W in the matrix decrease in modified T23 steel, leading to the decline of intragranular strengthening. In addition, small grain size is beneficial to the improvement of the reheat cracking susceptibility of modified T23 steel. The decreased number of M23C6 at grain boundaries helps to retard the formation and propagation of reheat cracks because of decreased denuded zones.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1417-1425 [
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1426
Zhi-peng Shen, Wei Fu, Ling-rui Kong, Han-han Ma, Xiao-hua He, Xiao-chun Yu, Chang-yu Zhou
Effect of isothermal temper embrittlement and subsequent hydrogen embrittlement on tensile properties of 2.25Cr–1Mo–0.25V base metal and welded metal
2.25Cr–1Mo–0.25V base metal (BM) and welded metal (WM) with different temper embrittlement states were obtained by isothermal temper embrittlement test. The ductile–brittle transition temperature and the carbide size of temper embrittled 2.25Cr–1Mo–0.25V BM and WM increased with the isothermal tempering time. The increase in temper embrittlement time leads to a decrease in yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) can decrease the ductility and increase YS and UTS of the material. The hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity and microstructure analysis both show a combined effect of HE and temper embrittlement. The deeper the temper embrittlement, the more sensitive the material to HE. When the hydrogen content in the material is low, the WM is less susceptible to HE due to its welding defects.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1426-1438 [
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1439
Xiao-gang Li, Zhi-peng Cai, Xin Chen, Shu-qing Dong, Wen-he Cai, Yu Zhang, Shan-lin Li, Ke-jian Li, Shao-shi Rui, Ji-luan Pan
Oxidation damage and interfacial failure of dissimilar metal welds containing ferritic heat resistant steels
The ex-service steam tubes containing dissimilar metal weld (DMW) between high Cr ferritic steel T91 and austenitic stainless steel TP347H and the ex-service steam tubes containing DMW between low Cr ferritic steel G102 and austenitic stainless steel TP347H were obtained from coal-fired thermal power plants in China, and their microstructures at the nickel-based weld metal (WM)/ferritic steel interfaces and oxidation characteristics were investigated. After operating for 15,000 h at steam temperature of 541 C and steam pressure of 17.5 MPa, a G102/TP347H DMW failed along the WM/ G102 steel interface, which was a dangerous premature failure mode without obvious plastic deformation. This interfacial failure was attributed to the interaction between oxidation and cracking along the interface, where fracture appeared to be related with the strain concentration at the interface. Oxide notch along the WM/G102 steel interface was the precursor of premature interfacial failure of DMW involving G102. For the DMW involving high Cr ferritic steel T91, ferritic steel side could form a Cr-rich passive film during service and thus would not be further oxidized after operating for 67,000 h at steam temperature of 541 C and steam pressure of 3.5 MPa. It was concluded that oxidation played a more important role in failure of these DMWs, and retarding the development of oxidation and avoiding the interfacial oxide notch would dramatically improve the service performance of steam tubes containing DMWs.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1439-1450 [
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1451
Yan-qi Fu, Qing Zhao, Man-qian Lv, Zhen-shan Cui
Modified artificial neural network model with an explicit expression to describe flow behavior and processing maps of Ti2AlNb-based superalloy
The elevated-temperature deformation behavior of Ti2AlNb superalloy was observed by isothermal compression experiments in a wide range of temperatures (950–1200 °C) and strain rates (0.001–10 s
-1
). The flow behavior is nonlinear, strongly coupled, and multivariable. The constitutive models, namely the double multivariate nonlinear regression model, artificial neural network model, and modified artificial neural network model with an explicit expression, were applied to describe the Ti2AlNb superalloy plastic deformation behavior. The comparative predictability of those constitutive models was further evaluated by considering the correlation coefficient and average absolute relative error. The comparative results show that the modified artificial network model can describe the flow stress of Ti2AlNb superalloy more accurately than the other developed constitutive models. The explicit expression obtained from the modified artificial neural network model can be directly used for finite element simulation. The modified artificial neural network model solves the problems that the double multivariate nonlinear regression model cannot describe the nonlinear, strongly coupled, and multivariable flow behavior of Ti2AlNb superalloy accurately, and the artificial neural network model cannot be embedded into the finite element software directly. However, the modified artificial neural network model is mainly dependent on the quantity of high-quality experimental data and characteristic variables, and the modified artificial neural network model has not physical meanings. Besides, the processing maps were applied to obtain the optimum processing parameters.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1451-1462 [
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1463
Ming-jie Qin, Xi Jin, Min Zhang, Hui-jun Yang, Jun-wei Qiao
Twinning induced remarkable strain hardening in a novel Fe50Mn20Cr20Ni10 medium entropy alloy
The microstructures and tension properties of Fe50Mn20Cr20Ni10 medium entropy alloy (MEA) were investigated, which was produced by vacuum induction melting and subsequently was homogenized at 1200 C for 6 h. Microstructure characterization shows the single-phase solid solution with face-centered cubic structure by means of transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy disperse spectroscopy. Our Fe-MEA has an ultimate tensile strength of 550 ± 10 MPa and a high strain hardening exponent,
n
, of 0.41 as well as a higher ductility (60%) than those of CrMnFeCoNi alloy. The single-phase solid solution deforms plastically via dislocations and twins. Twin boundaries associated with deformation twinning impede dislocation motion, enhancing the strain hardening capacity. This article focuses on the insights into the concept of Fe-MEAs and provides a potential direction for the future development of high entropy alloys and MEAs.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1463-1470 [
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1471
Chun-lei Tu, Xiao-dong Sun, Jie Li, He-guo Zhu, Xiang-dong Li
Effect of vanadium content on microstructure and properties of in situ TiC reinforced VxFeCoNiCu multi-principal-element alloy matrix composites
VxFeCoNiCu high entropy alloy matrix composites reinforced by in situ TiC particles (10 vol.%), i.e., VxFeCoNiCu/TiC composites, were fabricated from V–Fe–Co–Ni–Cu–Ti–C system using vacuum inductive melting method. With the content of vanadium increasing, the size of TiC particles decreased gradually. Meanwhile, vanadium agglomeration occurred slightly. The reaction mechanism of the mixed powder (Fe, V, Ti and C) and the mechanical properties of obtaining V
x
FeCoNiCu/TiC composites were studied. It was found that three reactions occurred (Fe-Ti-FeTi-Fe2Ti, FeTi-Fe2Ti-Fe-Ti and Ti-C-TiC) in the heating process. The apparent activation energy for these three reactions was calculated and found to be 26.4, 698.3 and 1879.0 kJ/mol, respectively. At room temperature, tensile strength and elongation increased first and then decreased with the increase in vanadium content and the microhardness increased gradually. The maximum tensile strength of the composites was determined to be 666 MPa, representing a 17.7% increase over that of FeCoNiCu/TiC high entropy alloy composites.
2021 Vol. 28 (11): 1471-1480 [
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