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2011 Vol. 46 No. 9
Published: 2011-09-15
Technical Reviews
Steelmaking
Metal Forming
Materials
Environmental Protection and Energy
Technology Exchange
Equipment Technology
Technical Reviews
1
WENG Yu-qing1,YANG Cai-fu2,SHANG Cheng-jia3
State-of-the-Art and Development Trends of HSLA Steels in China
During the last decade, the adjustment of product segments always is a very important task of iron industry, and upgrading of steel products has being impelled actively by Chinese iron and steel industry. With rapidly increasing of iron and steel production, a series of research achievements have been made in the technology area of high strength low alloy(HSLA) steel, and also have been applied successfully in the actual production, e.g. the technology of fine grain and ultra-fine grain steels, the technology for the control of microalloying precipitates. It is an important strategic goal of “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” for Chinese iron and steel industry that the adjustment of steel product segments and meeting the requirements for upgrading of domestic and oversea equipment manufactory industry. Adopting HSLA steel with better performance, instead of plain steel, could save steel consumption largely, and also release pressures from resource, energy and environment. Without doubt, it is the only way to realize the sustained development of Chinese iron and steel industry by popularizing the application of HSLA steels vigorously.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 1-10 [
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Raw Materials and Ironmaking
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ZHAO Zhi-xing1,AN Gang2,PEI Yuan-Dong1,ZHAO Yong1,PAN Wen1
Optimizing Ore Blending Technology for 550m2 Sintering Machine
The research on optimizing ore blending for 550m2 sintering machine in Jingtang of Shougang was carried out. Firstly, based on the condition of iron ore resourse in Shougang, sintering properties of various ores, especially the high temperature properties were researched, and basic structure of ore blending was fixed according to the mutual complementary properties of assimilation and liquid phase fluidity among Australia ore, Brazilian ore and domestic concentrates, that was Australian ore (50%-60%)＋Brazilian ore (40%-30%)＋domestic concentrates (about 10%). Secondly, nine groups of ore matching schemes were designed and sintering pot tests were carried out, and then the starting scheme of 550m2 sintering machine was obtained: ore from southern Brazil (20%) + ore from northern Brazil (10%) + semi-limonite (20%) + limonite ore (35%) + domestic concentrates (15%). Thirdly, experiment of optimizing parameters of optimizing basicity, lime ratio, water addition and bed depth were carried out, and 9 groups of ore matching schemes were designed. The results show that parameters fit for Jingtang currently are as follows: binary basicity is 1.90-1.95, lime ratio and water addition is 5% and 7.0% respectively; sintering bed should increase to 800mm gradually. At last, Jingtang sintering plant was put into production successfully and yields stably, with the bed depth at 800mm and advanced sintering indexes.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 11-16 [
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XIANG Zhong-yong1,YIN Han2
Evaluation Method on Productive Efficiency of Ironmaking in Blast Furnace
To improve productive efficiency of ironmaking in blast furnace, the main guiding ideology of operators and managers should be switched from simple high productivity to low fuel rate. A new key performance indicator, which concerned with bosh gas index, hearth area productivity and bosh gas efficiency index, was proposed to evaluate the routine operations of ironmaking in blast furnace and to decrease effectively specific fuel rate of hot metal.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 17-21 [
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SU Bu-xin,ZHANG Jian-liang,CHANG Jian,WANG Guang-wei,WANG Chun-long,CHE Xiao-mei
Sintering Characteristics of Iron Ores and Experiment Study on Optimizing Ore-Blending
Taking the six kinds of iron ores from Australia，Brazil，India，South Africa and China as the objects, The chemical compositions, size distribution, the pattern and porosity of the selected iron ores were investigated respectively, whose high temperature sintering characteristics such as assimilability, fluidity of liquid phase，self-intensity of adhere phase，calcium ferrite generated characteristics were evaluated and analyzed. And then six schemes of iron ore blending were presented and characteristic of mixed ore were researched on the basis of the complementary action of assimilation. Through sinter pot test, the better sintering economic and technical norms were obtained.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 22-28 [
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Steelmaking
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LIU Guo-ping1,2,XU Xiao-wei2,MAO Ming2,ZHANG Shi-wei2,DENG Yong2
Practice and Research on Sulfur Control of 300t BOF Steelmaking Process in Masteel
For the steelmaking of 300t BOF in Masteel, the sulfur content of KR, BOF and LF working procedure was analyzed. Under the material status the in Masteel, according to the different requirements of sulfur content, the relevant process flow and the control strategy of sulfur was developed for high efficiency, the low cost and clean steelmaking. The result shows that sulfur in liquid steel is effectively controlled, in meeting production’s demand and realizing stable production.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 29-33 [
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YANG Wen1,XUE Yong-qiang2，CAO Jing1,WANG Xin-hua1,WANG Wan-jun1
Investigation on Head Slab Cleanliness of Low Carbon Aluminum Killed Steel
High cleanliness is required for low carbon aluminum killed (LCAK for short) steel which is widely used for production of cold rolled sheet. But, head slab cleanliness is seriously deteriorated by the unsteady casting condition at casting start stage. Cleanliness of LCAK steel head slab was systemically investigated on aspects of slab composition and non-metallic inclusions under the present casting conditions. Besides, factors affecting the cleanliness of head slab were discussed. A cast starting number is defined.The results show that the head slab cleanliness is unstable until the number reaches 0.17, which can help slab quality classification. The main factor deteriorating head slab is the reoxidation in tundish. Besides oxygen in the air, more extent of reoxidation is caused by the refractory and covering slag in tundish. Several measures of improving head slab cleanliness were put forward as well, which can provide certain reference on plant operations.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 34-39 [
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LI Wei-dong,SUN Qun,WANG Cheng-qing,YU Shou-wei
Control Practice on MgO in Slag of BOF
According to the calculation on saturation of MgO in BOF slag and analysis on effect of MgO content on slag splashing and dephosphorization, it can be deduced that the high MgO content in the slag is the main reason that dephosphorization ability was reduced. By lowering the TFe content in the slag, optimizing the scheme on magnesia addition, improving material addition mode, the over saturation of the slag was lowered and met the slag splashing request on MgO content and at the same time increased the one time hitting target rate of low phosphorus steel.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 40-44 [
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YANG Yan1,LIU Jian-hua1,BAO Yan-ping1,ZHAO Peng2,WEI Ning1,LIU Jin-jin1
Investigation on Inclusion of H13 Hot Die Steel
The inclusion of die Steel H13 produced with EAF－LF－VD－MC－ESR process was studied systematically by sampling in various steps in the production and with multiple analyzing techniques investigating the shape, size, quantity and component of inclusions, slime method investigating the contents of large-sized inclusions and conventional chemical methods analyzing the chemical compounds of steel as well as slag. Simultaneously, the precipitation of inclusion TiN and VC separation were theoretically analyzed, and control measures for precipitation of inclusions TiN and VC were proposed in the production process.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 45-49 [
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Metal Forming
50
WANG Yi-dong1,2,YU Bin2,LIU Hong-min1,PENG Yan1
Evaluation and Control of Hot-Rolled Strip Profile
To simply and objectively evaluate strip profile, a new way of profile evaluation was presented for original strip of cold-rolled production, and the simulation system of strip profile was established based on coupling the metal deformation model and rolls elastic deformation model etc. The influence of composite roller contour on strip profile and feasibility of profile evaluation way were quantitatively analyzed by numerical simulation, and the accuracy of mathematic model was verified by simulated calculation and production experiment, then provided the important technical support for controlling of hot-rolled strip profile. Research results show that bad strip profile caused by wear and thermal crown of roller may be properly repaired by sound original roller contour, and strip profile is greatly improved.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 50-54 [
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ZHAO Yang,YANG Quan,HE An-rui,WANG Xiao-chen
Research and Application on Prediction Model for Flat Shape of Precision Plate
According to the rolling behavior of plate mill, a 3D elastic-plastic FEM model using the full restart skill of ANSYS/LS-DYNA was established to study the effect of plate rolling based on a multi-condition and multi-pass simulation. The plate flat shape prediction model of head and tail was modified, and a precision plate flat shape prediction model can be established separately. Based on this model, a MAS method was designed and used in a 2800mm plate mill. The good control results of the MAS method indicate that the plate flat shape prediction model is preciseness.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 55-58 [
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DONG Fang,SU Cheng,ZHANG Ji-dong
Hot Compression Deformation Behavior and Rheological Model of Flow Stress of Q345B Structural Steel
The high tempeture single-pass compression experiment was carried out with Gleeble-1500D thermal simulator for V-Ti-Nb microalloyed Q345B steel (HSLA). The deformation behaviors of this steel was measured under different deformation temperatures and deformation rates, and the influence of process parameters on the dynamic recrystallization and deformation resistance was investigated. The value of Qdef was 451.47kJ/mol. The rheological model of segmented function of high temperature deformation resistance was established. The calculated results by the rheological model were in good agreement with experiments.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 59-63 [
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ZHANG Wei,LI Guo-ping
Hot Deformation Behavior of 00Cr23Ni4N Duplex Stainless Steel at High Strain Rate
The hot compressive deformation behavior of 00Cr23Ni4N duplex stainless steel (DSS) was performed on Gleeble-3800 thermal-mechanical simulator in the range of deformation temperature from 900 to 1150℃, strain rate from 5 to 50s-1. A constitutive relationship of peak stress described by Zener-Hollomon (parameter Z) was formulated with Sellars’ hyperbolic sine model. The results show that the hot flow stress of 00Cr23Ni4N DSS declines dramatically as increasing deformation temperatures or decreasing strain rates. When deforming temperature from 1100 to 1150℃, the steel presents the good hot workability. The stress exponent 2.6 and hot deformation activation energy 263.4kJ/mol of 00Cr23Ni4N DSS are determinated by means of regression analysis. It reveals that parameter Z can effectively depict the rheologic behavior of the tested steel.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 64-68 [
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Materials
69
YANG Ze-bin,ZHU Ding-yi,YI Wei-fa,LIN Shu-mei
Effect of Carbon Content on Strain Hardening Behavior of Fe-Ni-Mn-Si-C TWIP Steels
The strain hardening behavior of three Fe-Ni-Mn-Si-C TWIP steels with different carbon content were investigated by uniaxial tensile tests, metallography and TEM. The results show that the strength and elongation of TWIP steels are enhanced with the increasing of the carbon content. TWIP steel has batter comprehensive properties when the carbon content is 1.0%, and the strength-plasticity product is 83160MPa·%. The Hollomon relationship is inapplicable. At lower true strain stage, the value of n decreases with the higher carbon steel,and at higher true strain stage, the value of n increases with the increasing of the carbon content and maintains a fixed value. The micro mechanisms are: when the value of strain is lower than 0.12, dislocation slipping is the predominant mode, deformation twin production is the main mode when the value of strain is between 0.12 to 0.42. Deformation twins would be putted off with the increasing of the carbon content, and prolonged stageⅡof the strain hardening behavior, enhanced the strength and ductility of the alloy.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 69-73 [
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CAO Shu-wei1,2，KANG Yong-lin1，WANG Xin-jiang2
Development of LX70 Wire Rod for Steel Cord
The research and development process of wire rod for steel cord, the refining-continuous casting process and strip rolling process of steel cord, the control of the inclusions and the trial-manufacture situation in steel in particular of Anyang Iron and Steel Group Co., Ltd. were introduced. Trail-manufacture result illustrates: inclusions control in steel cord, well strand solidification structure, high ratio sorbitic metallographic structure are key factors of high quality rod for steel cord. The drawing performance of LX70 of Angang is well and stable, twisting process satisfies meridian tyre for steel cord stranding requirement, the total full round of rate reaches advanced level of domestic products with the same type, completely satisfies the use requirement of the user of steel cord.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 74-77 [
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WEN Zhi-min1,2,SU Jie2,YANG Zhuo-yue2,LI Jian-xi1,DING Ya-li2
Effect of Pre-Treatment Temperature on the Strength of 00Cr12Ni10MoTi Maraging Stainless Steel
The effect of pre-treatment temperature on the strength of 00Cr12Ni10MoTi maraging stainless steel was investigated. The results show that the austenite which is formed by non-diffusion reverse α′→γ transformation inherit the forging structure at lower pre-treatment temperature, recrystallized austenite is obtained after pre-treatment above 950℃. As the 750℃ final solution treatment inherits the structure of the steel as pre-treatment, the pre-treatment has significantly effect on the steel strength. The content of residual austenite of the final structure is higher when the material was pre-treated below 850℃, and it reaches the maximum strength at 850℃; the strength is decreased with the pretreatment temperature increasing, because recrystallized austenite is formed above 950℃, the strength keeps at a low level after the final heat treatment.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 78-81 [
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82
ZHU Zhi-feng,ZHAO Zheng-zhi,ZHAO Ai-min
Microstructure and Properties of 600 MPa Grade Hot-Rolled Dual Phase Steel
The chemical composition and phase transformation of 600MPa grade hot-rolled dual phase steels, which was made through two-stage cooling process in laboratory, was discussed. The microstructure and mechanical property of the dual-phase steel was investigated by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and the tensile tests. The results show that the temperatures of Acl and Ac3 are 785℃ and 940℃ respectively. After finally rolled at 830℃, the sheets are cooled to 750℃ within 10 seconds in the air, then quickly coiled to the temperature (≤200℃) in water, following the sheets are coiled. Typical ferrite and martensite（86.5%）structure of hot-rolled dual phase steels can be obtained, and its tensile strength and shear strength are respectively 651.6MPa and 3271MPa. In the meantime, the work hardening rate of the steel is up to 0.235 and the elongation rate reaches 25.7%.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 82-85 [
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Equipment Technology
86
ZHANG Qi-fu,ZHOU Jun-qi,YU Gang-qiang,LIU Can-lou
0.35Mt/a Continuous Hot-Dip Galvanizing Line (GI/GL) for the Cold Rolled Steel Strip in Tonggang
The main technical parameters, process flow, main designed features and results of hot run of 0.35Mt/a CGL(GI/GL) for the cold rolled steel strip in Tonggang, which was designed and technically contracted by NMT of CISRI, was introduced. The complete sets of advanced equipments designed and developed on NMT’s own initiative, such as the new electrolytic cleaning section and magnetic filters， the big vertical all-radiant tube type annealing furnace and pulse combustion control system， the vertical roll coaters for chromate-free passivation and anti-finger print， the drying system integrated infrared (IR) heating with hot air cycling， the line automation control system etc. have been successfully applied. The hot commissioning work of the line was completed successfully on its first run in July, 2010. The 12000 tons of qualified and spangle-free galvanized steel coils have been trial-produced.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 86-91 [
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Environmental Protection and Energy
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GAN Lei,WANG Hai-feng,ZHANG Chun-xia,LI Xiu-ping,QI Yuan-hong
Specific Energy Consumption of Grinding and Powder Characteristics of Blast Furnace Slag and Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag
The specific energy consumption of grinding for such three different slag powders as water-quenching blast furnace (W-BF) slag, water-spraying basic oxygen furnace (W-BOF) slag and air-quenching basic oxygen furnace (A-BOF) slag, were compared using relative grindability method, and the characteristics of slag powder was investigated by using particle size distribution and fractal analysis. The results show that W-BF slag has better grindability than BOF slag. As for W-BF slag, its particle size distribution is regular, and the difference of characteristics between different particle size ranges is also small. However, tough phases are presented in the BOF slag, and the powder’s fractal dimensions between different particle size ranges have obvious differences. When slag powder is ground to very fine, the specific energy consumption of grinding for W-BOF and A-BOF slags are estimated to be 3.19 and 217 times of that for W-BF slag respectively. The FeO phase and metal iron in the BOF slags make them tougher than W-BF slag, and the presence of phase MgO·2FeO in W-BOF slag leads it less grindable than A-BOF slag.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 92-95 [
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Technology Exchange
96
WANG Ke-feng1,SONG Jie-zhong2,LI Ming-xian1,HE Li-guo1，ZHAO Rui2
Analysis of Flange Crack on Hot-Rolled H Section Steel of SS400
Based on 842 heats of SS400, the flange crack of hot-rolled H section steel of SS400 was analyzed by using optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy and other methods .The results indicated that the blister, edge crack, surface inclusion and skin blowhole are the main factors causing the flange crack defect. The measures for improving H section steel quality were put forward such as controlling chemical compositions and stirring time, increasing the ratio of manganese and sulphur, decreasing inclusions and ensuring adequate tundish baking time, reforming the mould powder, decreasing overheat of tundish, adjusting the process parameters and optimizing the secondary cooling.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 96-100 [
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JI Ling,SHAO Shu-yan
Analysis of Induction Heating and Quenching-and-Tempering Process of Small Size 42CrMo Bars
42CrMo bars with 45mm diameter were treated through induction heating, quenching-and-tempering in electron furnace. The effects of heating temperature, cooling intensity and soaking time on the mechanical property and microstructure were analyzed through the comparison of three different processes. The results show that 42CrMo bars which were quenching after induction heat at 900℃ for 60s, followed by tempering at 570℃, have finer grain size, more tempered sorbite and good over-all mechanical properties.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 101-103 [
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XU Bin,HE Fang,HAN Dong,YAN Lei,DU Yan-ling,WU Hai-hong
Batch Annealing Process of Refrigerator Side Plate in Hansteel
SPCC plates produced in Handan Iron and Steel Group Co., Ltd. were used as tested materials to investigate industrial batch annealing process of refrigerator side plate. First, the plates were heated and cooled with furnace, held at different experimental temperature for 2 h in the laboratory, the recrystallization temperature and grain size of ferrite were measured. The contribution of fine grain strengthening on the yield strength was calculated. Secondly, according to laboratory experimental results, three schemes for industrial batch annealing were given. After the batch annealing, the cold point and hot point microstructure of the coil was observed, the grain size of ferrite and mechanical properties of coil were measured. The batch annealing process of refrigerator side plate was presented finally.
2011 Vol. 46 (9): 104-108 [
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