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2009年 16卷 1期
刊出日期：2009-02-15
Material
Metallurgy and Metal Working
Metallurgy and Metal Working
1
TAN Dapeng;LI Peiyu;PAN Xiaohong
Application of Improved HMM Algorithm in Slag Detection System
To solve the problems of ladle slag detection system (SDS), such as high cost, short service life, and inconvenient maintenance, a new SDS realization method based on hidden Markov model (HMM) was put forward. The physical process of continuous casting was analyzed, and vibration signal was considered as the main detecting signal according to the difference in shock vibration generated by molten steel and slag because of their difference in density. Automatic control experiment platform oriented to SDS was established, and vibration sensor was installed far away from molten steel, which could solve the problem of easy power consumption by the sensor. The combination of vector quantization technology with learning process parameters of HMM was optimized, and its revaluation formula was revised to enhance its recognition effectiveness. Industrial field experiments proved that this system requires low cost and little rebuilding for current devices, and its slag detection rate can exceed 95%.
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7
DONG Yanwu;JIANG Zhouhua;LI Zhengbang
Segregation of Niobium During Electroslag Remelting Process
Experiment was carried out after the process parameters were calculated by the model previously established. The relationship between interdendritic spacing and local solidification time (LST) mainly determined by process parameters was exposed. Furthermore, the extent of segregation was studied. The results indicate that LST and interdendritic spacing are the largest and the amount of Laves phase as a result of the niobium segregation is the highest in the center of the ingot, whereas the opposite results are obtained at the edge of ingot. The extent of element segregation and the amount of Laves phase can be reduced when appropriate parameters are used. Therefore, the duration of subsequent homogenization treatments for 718 is shortened and the alloy quality is improved.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 7-0 [
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C Gheorghies;I Crudu;C Teletin;C Spanu
Theoretical Model of Steel Continuous Casting Technology
A theoretical model adapted for studying steel continuous casting technology was proposed. The model based on system theory contained input/output, command, and control parameters. The process was divided into five stages, ie, tundish, mold, guiding system, guidingdrawing system, and guidingdrawingsoft reduction system. The model can be used to describe the physicochemical processes, thermal processes, chemical processes, and characteristics of the cast material according to the abovementioned stages. It can also be applied to other metallurgical technologies and even to other industries (chemistry, food, etc).
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 12-0 [
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17
GUO Wei;ZHU Miaoyong
Characteristic Parameters for Dendritic Microstructure of Solidification During Slab Continuous Casting
The operating conditions during the continuous casting process have a great effect on the microstructure of slab solidification, including primary and secondary dendritic arm spacing. On the basis of the analysis of available work, a revised expression for describing secondary dendritic arm spacing during solidification of slab continuous casting was presented, and the relation between the ratio of primary dendritic arm spacing to secondary dendritic arm spacing and the cooling rate was obtained.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 17-0 [
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22
YU Hailiang;LIU Xianghua;CHEN Liqing;LI Changsheng;ZHI Ying;LI Xinwen
Influence of Edge Rolling Reduction on PlateEdge Stress Distribution During Finish Rolling
Dimensions of one kind of stainless steel plate before finish rolling were obtained through analysis of the rough rolling processes by finite element method and updated geometrical method. The FE models of finish rolling process with a front edge roll were built, and influences of the edge rolling reduction on the stress change in the plate edge during finish rolling were analyzed. The results show that when the edge rolling reduction is increased from 0 mm to 2 mm, the compressive stress in plate corner clearly increases in edge rolling process, and the zone of tensile stress during whole rolling decreases; when the edge rolling reduction is increased from 2 mm to 5 mm, the compressive stress in the plate corner seldom changes, and the compressive stress decreases after the horizontal rolling.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 22-0 [
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27
ZHU Fuwen;ZENG Qingliang;HU Xianlei;LI Xian;LIU Xianghua
Long and ShortTerm SelfLearning Models of Rolling Force in Rolling Process Without Gaugemeter of Plate
Owing to a lack of gaugemeter and the variety of steel grades and standards in some plate mills, the long and shortterm selflearning models of rolling force based on gauge softmeasuring with high precision were brought up. The softmeasuring method and target value locked method were used in these models to confirm the actual exit gauge of passes, and thick layer division and exponential smoothing method were used to dispose the deformation resistance parameter, which could be calculated from the actual data of the rolling process. The correlative mathematical methods can also be adapted to selflearning with gaugemeter. The models were applied to the process control system of AGC (automatic gauge control) reconstruction on 2 800 mm finishing mill of Anyang steel and favorable effect was obtained.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 27-0 [
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32
ZENG Guo;LAI Xinmin;YU Zhongqi;LIN Zhongqin;
Numerical Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters for Multistand Roll Forming of Channel Section With Outer Edge
Cold roll forming is a high production but complex metal forming process under the conditions of coupled effects with multifactor. A new booting finite element method (FEM) model using the updated Lagrangian (UL) method for multistand roll forming process is developed and validated. Compared with most of the literatures related to roll forming simulation, the new model can take the roll rotation into account and is well suited for simulating multistand roll forming. Based on the model, the process of a channel section with outer edge formed with twelve passes is simulated and the sensitivity analysis of parameters is conducted with orthogonal design combined FEM model. It is found that the multistand roll forming process can be efficiently analyzed by the new booting model, and sensitivity analysis shows that the yield strength plays an important role in controlling the quality of the products.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 32-0 [
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38
WANG Minting;LI Xuetong;DU Fengshan
Analysis of Metal Forming in TwoRoll Cross Wedge Rolling Process Using Finite Element Method
A simulation model for tworoll cross wedge rolling (CWR) was presented by using threedimensional rigidplastic finite element method (FEM). The whole forming process of CWR, including knifing zone, guiding zone, stretching zone, and sizing zone, was simulated using the model in which dynamic adaptive remeshing technology for tetrahedral solid elements was used to fix element distortion. Based on the simulation results, the distributions of metal flow field, strain field, and damage field, and the geometry of the workpiece′s end were analyzed. These results could provide theoretical guidance for realizing net shaping and reasonable design of tools.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 38-0 [
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44
V Balasubramanian;A K Lakshminarayanan;R Varahamoorthy;S Babu
Application of Response Surface Methodolody to Prediction of Dilution in Plasma Transferred Arc Hardfacing of Stainless Steel on Carbon Steel
The application of response surface methodology was highlighted to predict and optimize the percentage of dilution of ironbased hardfaced surface produced by the PTA (plasma transferred arc welding) process. The experiments were conducted based on fivefactor fivelevel central composite rotatable design with full replication technique and a mathematical model was developed using response surface methodology. Furthermore, the response surface methodology was also used to optimize the process parameters that yielded the lowest percentage of dilution.
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Material
54
GENG Hongming;WU Xiaochun;WANG Hongbin;MIN Yongan;ZHANG Hongkui
Characterization of Free Cutting Phase in Free Cutting Stainless Steel Containing High Copper
The machinability of 4Cr13 steel was improved obviously by adding Cu and S. The effect of copper addition on the machinability of 4Cr13 was similar to that of sulphur addition. By means of SEM, EBSD, and HREM, the distribution and size of the free cutting phase in the steel 4Cr13Cu were studied. The results showed that the free cutting phase was copperrich phase. The copperrich phases dispersed in the steel and were determined to have about 10 nm in diameter. The content of copper in the copperrich phase was over 70%.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 54-0 [
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58
LI Huabing;JIANG Zhouhua;ZHANG Zurui;YANG Yan
Effect of Grain Size on Mechanical Properties of NickelFree High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel
The fine grained structures of nickelfree high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels had been obtained by means of cold rolling and subsequent annealing. The relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties and gain size of nickelfree high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels was examined. High strength and good ductility of the steel were found. In the grain size range, the HallPetch dependency for yield stress, tensile strength, and hardness was valid for grain size ranges for the nickelfree high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel. In the present study, the ductility of cold rolled nickelfree high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel decreased with annealing time when the grain size was refined. The fracture surfaces of the tensile specimens in the grain size range were covered with dimples as usually seen in a ductile fracture mode.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 58-0 [
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A K Lakshminarayanan;K Shanmugam;V Balasubramanian
Effect of Autogenous Arc Welding Processes on Tensile and Impact Properties of Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints
The effect of autogeneous arc welding processes on tensile and impact properties of ferritic stainless steel conformed to AISI 409M grade is studied. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness have been used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. Tensile and impact properties, microhardness, microstructure, and fracture surface morphology of continuous current gas tungsten arc welding (CCGTAW), pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW), and plasma arc welding (PAW) joints are evaluated and the results are compared. It is found that the PAW joints of ferritic stainless steel show superior tensile and impact properties when compared with CCGTAW and PCGTAW joints, and this is mainly due to lower heat input, finer fusion zone grain diameter, and higher fusion zone hardness.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 62-0 [
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69
CHAI Feng;YANG Caifu;SU Hang;ZHANG Yongquan;XU Zhou
Effect of Magnesium on Inclusion Formation in TiKilled Steels and Microstructural Evolution in Welding Induced CoarseGrained Heat Affected Zone
Effects of Mg on the chemical component and size distribution of Tibearing inclusions favored grain refinement of the welding induced coarsegrained heat affected zone (CGHAZ), with enhanced impact toughness in Tikilled steels, which were examined based on experimental observations and thermodynamic calculations. The results indicated that the chemical constituents of the inclusions gradually varied from the TiO+TiMgO compound oxide to the TiMgO+MgO compound oxide and the singlephase MgO, as the Mg content increased from 0002 3% to 0006%. A trace addition of Mg (approximately 0002%) led to the refinement of Tibearing inclusions by creating the TiMgO compound oxide and provided favorable size distribution of the inclusions for acicular ferrite transformation with a high nucleation rate in the CGHAZ, and a high volume fraction of acicular ferrite was obtained in the CGHAZ with enhanced impact toughness. Otherwise, a high content of Mg (approximately 0006%) produced a singlephase MgO, which was impotent to nucleate an acicular ferrite, and a microstructure comprised of a ferrite side plate and a grain boundary ferrite developed in the CGHAZ. The experimental results were confirmed by thermodynamic calculations.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 69-0 [
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YANG Jinghong;LIU Qingyou;SUN Dongbai;LI Xiangyang
Recrystallization Behavior of Deformed Austenite in High Strength Microalloyed Pipeline Steel
Using methods of singlehit hot compression and stress relaxation after deformation on a Gleeble 1500D thermomechanical simulator, the curves of flow stress and stress relaxation, the microstructure and the recrystallization behavior of NbVTi high strength microalloyed low carbon pipeline steel were studied, and the influence of the thermomechanical treatment parameters on dynamic and static recrystallization of the steel was investigated. It was found that microalloying elements improved the deformation activation energy and produced a retardation of the recrystallization due to the solid solution and precipitation pinning. The deformation conditions such as deformation temperature, strain, and strain rate influenced the recrystallization kinetics and the microstructure respectively. Equations obtained can be used to valuate and predict the dynamic and static recrystallizations.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 75-0 [
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81
XIONG Ronggang;FU Renyu;SU Yu;LI Qian;WEI Xicheng;LI Lin
Tensile Properties of TWIP Steel at High Strain Rate
Tensile tests of TWIP steels of two compositions are performed in the strain rate range of 10-5-103 s-1. Results indicate that steel 1# does not exhibit TWIP effect but deformationinduced martensitic transformation appears only. There exists TWIP effect in steel 3#. Tensile properties at room temperature are sensitive to strain rate in the studied strain rate ranges. Analysis on the relationship between strainhardening exponent and strain rates shows that straininduced martensitic transformation and formation of twins during deformation have significant influence on their strainhardening behavior.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 81-0 [
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87
MO Defeng;HU Zhengfei;CHEN Shujuan;WANG Chunxu;HE Guoqiu
Microstructure and Hardness of T250 Maraging Steel in Heat Affected Zone
Electronbeam (EB) welding was used in T250 maraging steel, microstructures of both base material and heat affected zone (HAZ) were investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and microhardness was tested. The results showed that during EB welding, the HAZ of T250 maraging steel exhibited a continuous gradient structure. The microstructure of the entire HAZ, from fusion line, could be divided into four zones: fusion zone, overheated zone, transition zone, and hardened zone. The microhardness showed a distinct regularity in each area. The softest region was the fusion zone, whereas the hardest was the hardened zone. In the overheated zone, the hardness increased as the grain size decreased. Furthermore, in the transition zone, the hardness level dropped noticeably. The peak temperature during the thermal cycle had a great influence on the formation of reverted austenite and dissolution of the precipitated particles, which contributed a lot to the microstructure and hardness of this material.
2009 Vol. 16 (1): 87-0 [
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MI Guofa;LI Hongyu;LIU Xiangyu;WANG Kuangfei
Preparation, Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nickel Based Porous Spherical Superalloy
The porous superalloy materials with hollow spherical pores were fabricated by using metal powder sintering process. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation was applied to the test samples and it revealed that the pores of the porous material exhibited a uniform distribution and the apertures were of same size in principle. The sintering necks appeared between adjacent particles on metal skeleton after sintering. The mechanical properties of the test samples were analyzed and the result showed that this kind of materials possessed excellent energy absorption capability, and the compression resistance decreased with increasing the porosity and aperture.
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