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2006年 13卷 5期
刊出日期：2006-10-15
Material
Metallurgy
Metallurgy
0
WEN Jiuba;ZHANG Keke;CHEN Fuxiao;YANG Yongshun
Activation Energy for Superplastic Flow Above Critical Temperature of Die Steels
Some commercial cold working die steels GCr15 and CrWMn with ultrafine grain size were chosen as tested materials to research the activation energy for superplastic flow at different temperatures and strain rates above critical temperature. Based on the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy for superplastic flow is evaluated. The activation energy at constant strain rate is estimated by the logσt vs 1/T relationship. The results show that the activation energy is usually small under the conditions of optimal flow. The characteristics of superplastic deformation of steels above the critical temperature were also analyzed.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-4 [
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WANG Fenghua;JIN Zhijian;ZHU Zishu
Fluid Flow Modeling of Arc Plasma and Bath Circulation in DC Electric Arc Furnace
A mathematical model describing the flow field, heat transfer and the electromagnetic phenomenon in a DC electric arc furnace has been developed. First the governing equations in the arc plasma region are solved and the calculated results of heat transfer, current density and shear stresses on the anode surface are used as boundary conditions in a model of molten bath. Then a twodimensional timedependent model is used to describe the flow field and electromagnetic phenomenon in the molten bath. Moreover, the effect of bottom electrode diameter on the circulation of molten bath is studied.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-7 [
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ZHANG Lintao;WANG Engang;DENG Anyuan;HE Jicheng
Distribution of Magnetic Flux Density in SoftContact EMCC Rectangular Mold
The distribution of the magnetic flux density in a softcontact electromagnetic continuous casting (EMCC) rectangular mold was investigated. The experimental results show that with an increase in electric power, the magnetic flux density increases. The position where the maximum magnetic flux density appears will shift up when the coil moves to the top of the mold. At the same time, the maximum magnetic flux density will increase and the effective acting range of electromagnetic pressure will widen. As a result, in practice, the coil should be placed near the top part of the mold. The meniscus should be controlled near the top part of the coil, as this not only remarkably improves the billet surface quality but also saves energy. With the same electric power input, the higher the frequency, the lower the magnetic flux density.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-14 [
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2070
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JIAO Zhijie;HU Xianlei;ZHAO Zhong;LIU Xianghua;WANG Guodong
Calculation of Taper Rolling Time in Plan View Pattern Control Process
The forward slip model with adhesion was used to derive the formula of calculating taper rolling time. The relation between the rolling time and the taper length and the relation between the rolling time and the taper thickness can be obtained. The numerical solution for this formula was used onsite. According to the simulation result, the roll gap value should be changed linearly with rolling time.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-1 [
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2153
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LOU Tianjun;KONG Xianghua;HUANG Keqin;LIU Qingguo
Solid Reference Electrode of Metallurgical Oxygen Sensor
The thermal equilibrium state of the reference electrode was investigated. The results show that the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of zirconia tube was very small and the Seebeck effect can be ignored after the sensor was dipped into liquid steel for more than 2 s. A special sensor was designed to test the relation between the EMF (electromotive force) of sensor and the thermal equilibrium state of the reference electrode. Based on these results, it is suggested that the peak in EMF curve was caused by the change of oxygen potential in reference electrode before the thermal equilibrium was reached. If NiO was added by 2%-5% to the Cr/Cr2O3 reference electrode, the peak in EMF curve could be eliminated.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-18 [
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YU Hao;KANG Yonglin;ZHAO Zhengzhi;SUN Hao
Morphology and Precipitation Kinetics of MnS in LowCarbon Steel During Thin Slab Continuous Casting Process
The morphology of manganese sulfide formed during thin slab continuous casting process in lowcarbon steel produced by compact strip production (CSP) technique was investigated. Using transmission electron microscopy analysis, it was seen that a majority of manganese sulfides precipitated at austenite grain boundaries, the morphologies of which were spherical or close to the spherical shape and the size of MnS precipitates ranged from 30 nm to 100 nm. A mathematical model of the manganese sulfide precipitation in this process was developed based on classical nucleation theory. Under the given conditions, the starting and finishing precipitation temperatures of MnS in the continuous casting thin slab of the studied lowcarbon steel are 1 189 ℃ and 1 171 ℃, respectively, and the average diameter of MnS precipitates is about 48 nm within this precipitation temperature range. The influences of chemical components and thermomechanical processing conditions on the precipitation behavior of MnS in the same process were also discussed.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-30 [
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ZHOU Dianmin;GAO Feng;QIAO Wei
Demand of Electric Power and Its Forecasting in Iron and Steel Complex
A systematic study on the electrical load forecasting for largescale iron and steel companies was made. After analyzing the electrical load′s characteristics, an algorithm framework for the load forecasting in iron and steel complex was formulated based on model combination and scheme filtration. The algorithm features data quality selfadaptation, convenient forecasting model extension, easy practical application, etc, and has been successfully applied in Baoshan Iron and Steel Co Ltd, Shanghai, China, resulting in great economic benefit.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-21 [
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LI Xuetong;WANG Minting;DU Fengshan;XU Zhiqiang
FEM Simulation of Large Diameter Pipe Bending Using Local Heating
With the aid of elasticplastic large deformation finite element method (FEM), an elasticplastic and coupling thermomechanical model was built to calculate the bending process of the bent pipe, combining with local heating or cooling of the bent pipe. Based on the FEM simulation, the metal deformation during the bending process was analyzed in detail. The thinning and thickening ratio of the pipe wall thickness, the ovality of the crosssection of the pipe and the springback angle, etc, are presented.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-25 [
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Material
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LI Shangping;FENG Di;LUO Heli;ZHANG Xie;CAO Xu
Development of New WearResistant Surface Coating at Elevated Temperature
Because of good oxidation resistance at high temperature and excellent mechanical properties of Ni3Al and high hot hardness, and good oxidation resistance of chromium carbide, chromium carbide particle reinforced Ni3Al matrix composite would possess excellent wear resistance at elevated temperature. Cr3C2NiAlNi welding wire was produced by pressureless sintering process in vacuum. When the welding wire was welded on the surface of carbon steel, under the action of the physical heat of arc, NiAl reacted with nickel to form Ni3Al and carbide particle reinforced Ni3Al matrix composite was formed on the welding layers. Cr3C2 was dissolved during welding and dispersed Cr7C3 was formed, which strengthened the Ni3Al matrix significantly. The Cr7C3Ni3Al interface was broadened, and a zone of interdiffusion and a new phase M23C6 were formed, indicating that a good bond has been formed. The hardness of Cr7C3/Ni3Al composite at room and elevated temperatures is much higher than that of stellite alloys. In addition, Cr7C3/Ni3Al composite possesses better high temperature oxidation resistance than stellite 12 alloy. So Cr7C3/ Ni3Al composite can become an attractive potential candidate for elevated temperature wearresistant surface material.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-37 [
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LI Qiushu;LI Haibin;ZHAI Qijie
Structure Evolution and Solidification Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel in Pulsed Magnetic Field
To understand the solidification behavior of austenitic stainless steel in pulsed magnetic field, the solidification process is investigated by means of the selfmade high voltage pulse power source and the solidification tester. The results show that the solidification structure of austenitic stainless steel can be remarkably refined in pulsed magnetic field, yet the grains become coarse again when the magnetic intensity is exceedingly large, indicating that an optimal intensity range existed for structure refinement. The solidification temperature can be enhanced with an increase in the magnetic intensity. The solidification time is shortened obviously, but the shortening degree is reduced with the increase of the magnetic intensity.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-69 [
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LI Ping;CAI Qizhou;WEI Bokang;ZHANG Xianzhong
Effect of Aging Temperature on ErosionCorrosion Behavior of 174PH Stainless Steels in Dilute Sulphuric Acid Slurry
The effect of aging temperature on erosioncorrosion (EC) behavior of 174PH stainless steels in dilute sulphuric acid slurry containing solid particles was studied by using selfmade rotating EC apparatus. The effect of impact velocity on EC behavior of 174PH steels at different aging temperatures was analyzed. Surface micrographs of the specimens after EC test were observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that under the condition of the same solution heat treatment, when aging temperature ranged from 400 ℃ to 610 ℃, the hardness reached the highest value near the temperature 460 ℃. The characteristics of EC for 174PH stainless steels at different aging temperatures were as follows: pure erosion (wear) was dominant, corrosion was subordinate and at the same time corrosion promoted erosion. The effect of aging temperature on EC rate of 174PH steels was not significant at low impact velocity, but it was found that EC resistance of 174PH steels aged near 460 ℃ was the most excellent due to the best precipitation strengthening effect of fine and dispersed εCu phase. With a prerequisite of appropriate corrosion resistance, the precipitation hardening could significantly improve the EC resistance of the materials.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-73 [
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LI Zhuang;;WU Di;HU Rong
Austempering of Hot Rolled SiMn TRIP Steels
The austempering after hot rolling in hot rolled SiMn TRIP (transformationinduced plasticity) steels was investigated. The mechanism of TRIP was discussed through examination of the microstructure and the mechanical properties of this kind of steel. The results showed that the straininduced transformation to martensite of retained austenite occurs in hot rolled SiMn TRIP steels. The sample exhibited a good combination of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation when it was held at the bainite transformation temperature after hot deformation. The stability of retained austenite increases with an increase in isothermal holding time, and a further increase in the holding duration resulted in the decrease of stability. The mechanical properties were optimal when holding for 25 min, and tensile strength and total elongation reached the maximum values (774 MPa and 33%, respectively).
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-41 [
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2014
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LIN Guanfa;ZHENG Maosheng;BAI Zhenquan;FENG Yaorong
Wear Resistance of CO2 Corrosion Product Scale Formed at High Temperature
To investigate the correlation between structure characteristics and wear resistance of CO2 corrosion product scales at high temperature and high pressure, an autoclave was used to prepare CO2 corrosion product scales on N80 steel in carbon dioxide corrosion environment. The correlation between wear resistance of the scales and many other factors, such as temperature, pressure, morphology, structure, velocity of fluid medium, sand grain size, and so on, was comparatively analyzed by a selfassembled wear device, and the scale morphologies before or after being worn were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). And then the surface grain size and thickness of scale were measured. The results showed that the crosssection of the corrosion scale was of a doublelayer structure, the outer layer of which was composed of regular crystals, whereas the inner layer was a thin scale of fine grains. The outer grain size and thickness of scale varied with temperature, and the initial wear loss was consistent with the surface grain size; at the same time, the total wear loss corresponded to the thickness of scale. Compared to wear resistance in different depths of the scale, it was found that the structure of scale was a doublelayer structure in crosssection, and the wear resistance of inner layer was better than that of the outer layer; the closer the scale to the matrix, the greater was the wear resistance of scale; and the larger the size or the higher the rotary speed of solid grain in multiphase flowing medium, the more was the wear loss of scale.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-47 [
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WANG Shuqi;CHEN Kangmin;CUI Xianghong;JIANG Qichuan;HONG Bian
Effect of Alloying Elements on Thermal Wear of Cast HotForging Die Steels
The effect of main alloying elements on thermal wear of cast hotforging die steels was studied. The wear mechanism was discussed. The results show that alloying elements have significant influences on the thermal wear of cast hotforging die steels. The wear rates decrease with an increase in chromium content from 3% to 4% and molybdenum content from 2% to 3%, respectively. With further increase of chromium and molybdenum contents, chromium slightly reduces the wear resistance and molybdenum severely deteriorates the wear resistance with high wear rate. Lower vanadium/carbon ratio (15-25) leads to a lower wear resistance with higher wear rate. With an increase in vanadium/carbon ratio, the wear resistance of the cast steel substantially increases. When vanadium/carbon ratio is 3, the wear rate reaches the lowest value. The predominant mechanism of thermal wear of cast hotforging die steels are oxidation wear and fatigue delamination. The Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 or lumps of brittle wear debris are formed on the wear surface.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-53 [
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ZHANG Wei;;FAN Zhikang;HU Pengfei;LONG Yongqiang;LIU Hua;WEN Jiuba
Effect of Rare Earth on Void Band of Diffusion Layer and Properties of Aluminized Steel
The effects of the addition of rare earth (RE) elements on the void band in the diffusion layer, and the resistances to both oxidation and spalling of aluminized steel were investigated through high temperature oxidation and spalling tests. The results showed that RE had significant effects on the void band in the diffusion layer and the properties of aluminized steel. After diffusion treatment, a considerable number of the voids between the middle layer and transitional layer of pure aluminized coating, aggregated into wavylineshaped void bands parallel to the outer surface. For the REadded aluminized coating, only a few voids aggregated into intermittent block shapes. During high temperature oxidation at 800 ℃ for 200 h, the wavy void band of pure aluminized coating aggregated further into a linear crack parallel to the outer surface, and the internal oxidation occurred within them; the open cracks perpendicular to the surface penetrated through the diffusion layer. For the REadded aluminized coating, only a few voids aggregated into intermittent meniscus shapes. During cyclic spalling tests, the peeling, spallation, and pulverulent cracking occurred along the void band in the diffusion layer of pure aluminized coating, but only a little spallation occurred in the diffusion layer of the REadded aluminized coating, in which cracks perpendicular to the surface were much smaller than those of pure aluminized coating and did not penetrate through the diffusion layer. It is evident that RE addition can restrain the formation and aggregation of voids and subsequently improve the resistances to oxidation and spalling. The mechanism of the RE effect on the void band in the diffusion layer is also discussed.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-60 [
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GUO Weimin;WU Jiantao;ZHANG Fengge;ZHAO Minghan
Microstructure, Properties and Heat Treatment Process of Powder Metallurgy Superalloy FGH95
Microstructure and properties of nickelbased powder metallurgy (PM) superalloy were presented. Effects of nonmetallic inclusions and heat treatment on microstructure and properties were discussed. Development tendency of microstructure and properties of PM superalloy was presented.
2006 Vol. 13 (5): 0-65 [
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