钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2012年 19卷 1期
刊出日期：2012-01-15
材料
工艺
工艺
1
HUANG Zhu-cheng,WU Kai,HU Bing,PENG Hu,JIANG Tao
Non-Isothermal Kinetics of Reduction Reaction of Oxidized Pellet Under Microwave Irradiation
The microwave heating characteristics of the mixture with oxidized pellet and coal was studied, and the non-isothermal reduction dynamics is discussed. The results show that, the slow-heating stage of the temperature rising process can be segmented into two heating temperature curves approximately that have good linear relationship. They can be seen as temperature programming. In the first stage, between 827 and 1073 K, the reaction mechanism obeys diffusion controlled model. In the second stage, between 1093 and 1323 K, the reaction mechanism also obeys diffusion controlled model. The apparent activation energies are found to be 7513 kJ/mol for the first stage and 5317 kJ/mol for the second stage. That is lower than the apparent activation energy under conventional heating. The microstructure of the reduced pellets shows that microwave can improve the kinetics of the reduction. Microwave has anxo-action to the reaction obviously.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 1-4 [
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5
LIU Yan,JIANG Mao-fa,XU Li-xian,WANG De-yong
A Coupling Dynamic Model for Dissolution and Reduction of Chromium Ore in a Smelting Reduction Converter
For describing and resolving the process of chromium ore smelting reduction in a converter preferably, the coupling dynamic model was established based on the kinetic models of chromium ore dissolution and interfacial reducing reaction between the slag and metal. When 150 t stainless steel crude melts with chromium of 12% are produced in a smelting reduction converter with no initial chromium in metal at 1560 ℃, the results of the coupling dynamic model show that the mean reduction rate and injection rate of chromium ore are 0091 %·min-1 and 467 kg·min-1, respectively. The foundation of the coupling dynamic model provides a reference and basis on the constitution of rational processing route for a practical stainless steelmaking.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 5-10 [
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WANG Hong-bing,,XU An-jun,AI Li-xiang,TIAN Nai-yuan
Prediction of Endpoint Phosphorus Content of Molten Steel in BOF Using Weighted K-Means and GMDH Neural Network
The hybrid method composed of clustering and predicting stages is proposed to predict the endpoint phosphorus content of molten steel in BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace). At the clustering stage, the weighted K-means is performed to generate some clusters with homogeneous data. The weights of factors influencing the target are calculated using EWM (Entropy Weight Method). At the predicting stage, one GMDH (Group Method of Data Handling) polynomial neural network is built for each cluster. And the predictive results from all the GMDH polynomial neural networks are integrated into a whole to be the result for the hybrid method. The hybrid method, GMDH polynomial neural network and BP neural network are employed for a comparison. The results show that the proposed hybrid method is effective in predicting the endpoint phosphorus content of molten steel in BOF. Furthermore, the hybrid method outperforms BP neural network and GMDH polynomial neural network.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 11-16 [
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17
ZHU Xue-song,ZHU Guo-hui,,MAO Wei-min
Comparison of Grain Size in Plain Carbon Hot-Rolled Sheets Manufactured by CSP and Conventional Rolling Processing
Average grain size and grain size distribution in as hot-rolled SPHC, SPHD, and SPHE sheets manufactured by compact strip production (CSP) processing and traditional continuous casting and rolling (CCR) processing respectively were investigated by quantitative metallographic method. The results show that the average grain size and distribution width of grain size in sheets manufactured by CSP processing was obviously larger than that by CCR processing. It was analyzed that multi-phase transformation and high reduction ratio in CCR processing resulted in refining grain size, which would be dominant reason for controlling grain size. In plain carbon steels such as SPHC, SPHD and SPHE, the effect of fine precipitation in CSP on behavior of deformation and recrystallization of austenite during rolling, and consequent refinement of grain size seem not to be as important as the effect of re-heating and roughing in CCR processing. Homogenizing in re-heating and refining grain size in roughing in CCR processing would refine final grain size and also make grain size homogenized. Very coarse grain size would result in mixed grain size, large distribution width of grain size due to interaction of static and dynamic recrystallization in CSP processing.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 17-22 [
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ZHONG Zhao-zhun,WANG Jing-cheng,ZHANG Jian-min,LI Jia-bo
Looper-Tension Sliding Mode Control for Hot Strip Finishing Mills
An innovative sliding mode controller for looper and tension control in hot strip finishing mills was developed based on approximately linearized model. Firstly, a fictitious controller of the reduced order subsystem was designed according to desired dynamics, by which, the angle and tension loops were decoupled on the sliding manifold. Then, a sliding mode controller was used to validate finite time convergence of the state vector to the manifold which guaranteed the stability and performances of the overall system. This solution was considered owing to its well-known robustness and simplicity characteristics concerning disturbances and unmodelled dynamics. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed controller compared with conventional ones.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 23-30 [
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YANG Guang-hui,CAO Jian-guo,ZHANG Jie,SONG Ping,YAN Tan-li,RAO Ke-feng
Profile and Flatness Control Technology With a Long Shifting Stroke on Wide Non-Oriented Electrical Steel Sheets
In order to solve the difficult profile and flatness control problem of wide non-oriented electrical steel sheets, the factors such as the relationship between strip crown control and strip width, the relationship between the maximum wearing value of work roll and the number of a rolling campaign and the wear contour change of work roll were analyzed on the basis of industrial test. Through analyzing the rolling process characteristics of non-oriented electrical steel sheets, the ASR (asymmetry self-compensating work rolls) shape control technology and its roll shifting strategy of the wider non-oriented electrical steel sheets was proposed and developed. When the technology was applied, the number of the wide non-oriented electrical steel (23 mm×1280 mm) in one rolling campaign rose from 40 coils of the trial production to 70 coils of the industrial production, the ratio of the measured strip crown less than 45 μm was increased from 500% to 949%, and the ratio of the measured strip crown more than 60 μm was decreased from 200% to 07%.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 31-35 [
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36
QIN Jian,,ZHANG Qing-dong,HUANG Ke-fu
Nonlinear Spline Finite Element Method for Ribbing of Cold-Rolled Coils
The ribbing problem has serious influence on the steel product quality, which produces additional shape waves on the surface of uncoiled steel strip on the process of curl. Nonlinear spline finite element method (n-spline FEM) is adopted to establish the relationship between the ribbing height and deflection of additional shape wave, for example, post-buckling deformation. The proposed spline FEM is more effective and convenient than traditional finite element method in the buckling analysis. Using the spline FEM, the shape wave caused by the ribbing is calculated, and then the ribbing values can be obtained which are difficult to measure in practice. At the same time, the judgment rule is also given for estimating the strip quality according to the ribbing value.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 36-40 [
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材料
41
LIU Ji-yuan,ZHANG Zi-cheng,ZHU Fu-xian,LI Yan-mei,Manabe Ken-ichi
Effect of Cooling Method on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Rolled C-Si-Mn TRIP Steel
The controlled cooling technology following hot rolling process is a vital factor that affects the final microstructure and mechanical properties of the hot-rolled transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. In the present study, low alloy C-Si-Mn TRIP steel was successfully fabricated by hot rolling process with a 450 hot rolling mill. To maximize the volume fraction and stability of retained austenite of the steel, two different cooling methods (air-cooling and ultra-fast cooling “AC-UFC” and ultra-fast cooling, air-cooling and ultra-fast cooling “UFC-AC-UFC”) were conducted. The effects of the cooling method on the microstructure of hot-rolled TRIP steel were investigated via optical microscope, transmission electron microscope and conversion electron Mssbauer spectroscope. The mechanical properties of the steel were also evaluated by conventional tensile test. The results indicated that ferrite and bainite in the microstructure were refined with the cooling method of UFC-AC-UFC. The morphology of retained austenite was also changed from small islands distributing in bainite district (obtained with AC-UFC) to granular shape locating at the triple junction of the ferrite grain boundaries (obtained with UFC-AC-UFC). As a result, the TRIP steel with a content of retained austenite of 1152%, total elongation of 32% and product of tensile strength and total elongation of 27552 MPa·% was obtained.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 41-46 [
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47
B Eghbali,M Shaban
Effect of Hot Torsion Parameters on Development of Ultrafine Ferrite Grains in Microalloyed Steel
Hot torsion testing was performed on a low carbon Nb-Ti microalloyed steel to study the effects of hot torsion parameters, strain and strain rate, on ultrafine ferrite grains production through dynamic strain-induced transformation, at a deformation temperature just above Ar3. The initiation and evolution of ultrafine ferrite grains were studied. The results show that the amount of strain and strain rate has conversely effect on the volume fraction and grain size of ultrafine ferrite grains. With increasing strain, the interior of austenite grains become activated as nucleation sites for fine ferrite grains. As a result, ferrite grains continuously nucleate not only at the former austenite grain boundaries but also inside the austenite grains which leads to a rapid increase in volume fraction of ultrafine grains. Increasing of strain rate reduces the tendency of ferrite grains coarsening so that ultrafine ferrite grains are achieved, while the volume fraction of ultrafine grains decreases at the same strain level.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 47-52 [
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53
WANG Hua,,SHI Wen,HE Yan-lin,LU Xiao-gang,LI Lin
Effect of Overaging on Solute Distributions and Bake Hardening Phenomenon in Bake Hardening Steels
Specimens of two different kinds of bake hardening steels (BH-Mn and BH-P) were prepared and treated with different annealing processes (water quenching and overaging). A novel technique of three dimensional atom probe was used to investigate solute distributions in these steels. The results indicate that C concentration decreases, whereas V increases during overaging in both bake hardening steels. The conclusion that no vanadium carbides precipitate during the overaging is therefore originally obtained by microanalysis in bake hardening steels. Moreover, bake hardening values of all the specimens were tested by tensile experiments with 2% pre-deformation. However, those of overaged specimens were further measured with higher levels of pre-deformation because no bake hardening phenomenon was present at 2% pre-deformation. As the pre-deformation increases from 2% to 6% and 8%, both overaged steels show bake hardening values, and the value data are almost the same.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 53-59 [
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YANG Ying,YAN Qing-zhi,GE Chang-chun
Hot Deformation Behavior of Modified CNS-Ⅱ F/M Steel
Modified CNS-Ⅱ F/M steel was designed for in-core components of supercritical water cooled reactor. Study on the hot deformation behavior of modified CNS-Ⅱ F/M steel is of great importance for processing parameter planning and microstructure controlling during hot deformation. The hot deformation behavior of modified CNS-Ⅱ F/M steel was investigated through isothermal hot compression test at temperature ranging from 1223 to 1373 K and strain rate 001 to 10 s-1. The true stress-true strain data gained from compression tests were used to built constitutive equation of modified CNS-Ⅱ F/M steel. The influence of strain on the accuracy of constitutive analysis was incorporated, assuming strain has a influence on material constants. A 5th order polynominal equation with very good accuracy was used to represent the influence of strain on material constant. The flow stresses calculated from the constitutive equation were compared with test values in the whole experiment range and the absolute average error for the constitutive equation in predicting flow stress is 4728%. At last, the recrystallization behavior of modified CNS-Ⅱ F/M steel was investigated. The relationship of critical strain and peak strain with Zener-Hollomon parameter were given by an experimental equation.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 60-65 [
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R Paventhan,P R Lakshminarayanan,V Balasubramanian
Optimization of Friction Welding Process Parameters for Joining Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel
Friction welding is a solid state joining process used extensively currently owing to its advantages such as low heat input, high production efficiency, ease of manufacture, and environment friendliness. Materials difficult to be welded by fusion welding processes can be successfully welded by friction welding. An attempt was made to develop an empirical relationship to predict the tensile strength of friction welded AISI 1040 grade medium carbon steel and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel, incorporating the process parameters such as friction pressure, forging pressure, friction time and forging time, which have great influence on strength of the joints. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the friction welding process parameters to attain maximum tensile strength of the joint. The maximum tensile strength of 543 MPa could be obtained for the joints fabricated under the welding conditions of friction pressure of 90 MPa, forging pressure of 90 MPa, friction time of 6 s and forging time of 6 s.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 66-71 [
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A K Lakshminarayanan,V Balasubramanian
Evaluation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welded AISI 409M Grade Ferritic Stainless Steel
The microstructure analysis and mechanical properties evaluation of laser beam welded AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel joints are investigated. Single pass autogeneous welds free of volumetric defects were produced at a welding speed of 3000 mm/min. The joints were subjected to optical microscope, scanning electron fractographe, microhardness, transverse and longitudinal tensile, bend and charpy impact toughness testing. The coarse ferrite grains in the base metal were changed into dendritic grains as a result of rapid solidification of laser beam welds. Tensile testing indicates overmatching of the weld metal is relative to the base metal. The joints also exhibited acceptable impact toughness and bend strength properties.
2012 Vol. 19 (1): 72-78 [
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