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2023 Vol. 30 No. 10
Published: 2023-10-25
Original Paper
Short Communication
Review
1897
Mei-qi Shao, Dong Xu, Si-yi Li, Xiao-gang Zuo, Chang-ke Chen, Gong-zhuang Peng, Jia-min Zhang, Xiao-chen Wang, Quan Yang
A review of surface roughness measurements based on laser speckle method
Hot!
Surface roughness is commonly used to characterize material microstructure during processing, and accurate measurement of surface roughness is the premise and foundation of machining. Therefore, online non-destructive measurement of surface roughness based on the laser speckle method has become a hot issue in recent research. The improvements in surface roughness measurements based on the laser speckle method are systematically reviewed. Theory of speckle formation is introduced. The statistical properties of the speckle patterns including first-order statistical properties and second-order statistical properties are directly related to surface roughness. Surface roughness measurements based on the laser speckle method are roughly divided into the speckle contrast method, speckle correlation method, and fractal method. The three methods are described in detail, and an extensive comparison among all the methods is presented. The recent progresses and application of surface roughness measurements are reviewed. Finally, surface roughness measurements based on the laser speckle method are prospected and summarized.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 1897-1915 [
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62
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419
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Short Communication
1916
Chao Zhang, Zhi-ping Xiong, De-zhen Yang, Valeriy Dudko, Xing-wang Cheng
Chemical patterning enhanced by increasing quenching temperature in a medium-Mn steel
Chemical heterogeneity in high-temperature austenite is an effective way to tune the austenite-to-martensite transformation during cooling. The effect of quenching temperature on microstructure evolution is investigated when the high-temperature austenite is heterogeneous. After fast austenitization from partitioned pearlite consisting of Mn-enriched cementite and Mn-depleted ferrite in Fe–0.29C–3.76Mn–1.50Si (wt.%) steel, quenching to room temperature and quenching to 130 °C followed by 400 °C partitioning are both applied. With increasing quenching temperature from 25 to 130 °C, the amount of heterogeneous microstructure (lamellar ghost pearlite) increases from 10.6% to 33.6% and the thickness of Mn-enriched retained austenite film is increased from 31.9 ± 5.9 to 51.5 ± 4.4 nm, indicating an enhancement of chemical patterning. It is probably ascribed to the reduction in driving force for austenite-to-martensite transformation, which requires a lower Mn content for austenite retention.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 1916-1920 [
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40
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Original Paper
1921
Dai-wei Yang, Wei Wang, Jing-xuan Li, Xu-heng Chen, Peng-fei Chen
Effect of Al2O3/SiO2 ratio on morphology of complex calcium ferrite
Al
2
O
3
and SiO
2
greatly influence the formation of complex calcium ferrite, which is the main bonding phase in high basicity sinters. The effects of Al
2
O
3
/SiO
2
ratios on the morphology of complex calcium ferrite were studied. The main mineral phases in the samples with different Al
2
O
3
/SiO
2
ratios were CaFe
2
O
4
with a solid solution of Si or Al atoms and the silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum. The results showed that the morphology of the complex calcium ferrite changed from lumpy to plate-like and acicular with increases in the SiO
2
content and the Al
2
O
3
/SiO
2
ratio. When the content of SiO
2
was 4 wt.%, the main calcium ferrite morphology was acicular, and the number of macropores in the samples increased with the Al
2
O
3
/SiO
2
ratio increasing. The first-principles analysis of the calcium ferrite crystal structure showed that adding SiO
2
and Al
2
O
3
changed the growth mechanism of the CaFe
2
O
4
crystal, promoting the formation of platy and acicular complex calcium ferrite. The size of calcium ferrite was significantly smaller due to the increase in CaO–Fe2O3– SiO
2
–Al
2
O
3
viscosity with increasing the Al
2
O
3
/SiO
2
ratio.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 1921-1928 [
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39
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185
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1929
Qing He, Tong-lu Yao, Liu Liu, Xiang-chen Li, Bing Ni, Long-fei Li
An experimental study on RH vacuum chamber with a weir
A new Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) equipment with a weir added to the vacuum chamber was designed to help improve refining efficiency of low-carbon steel production. The flow characteristics of the new RH equipment and a traditional RH equipment were evaluated and compared through water modeling experiments and an optimized calculation model. In the water experiments, the mixing time, the residence time and the circulation flow rates were measured, and the flow simulating molten steel in the vacuum was photographed. The results show that the decarburization efficiency in the new RH equipment is much improved. The mixing time is equal to or less than that of the latter when the gas flow rate is higher than 2.33 m
3
/h. The proportion of the piston flow increases by at least 40%, and the proportion of the well-mixed flow decreases from greater than 40% to less than 20%. The effective flow rate of the new RH equipment increases greatly in the piston flow zone and the total lag flow zone based on the residence time distribution experiment. In conclusion, when a weir is added to a RH vacuum chamber, the effective circulation flow increases significantly, and the decarburization rate KC of molten steel at low-carbon stage is improved.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 1929-1938 [
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39
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185
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1939
Xue-feng Bai, Yan-hui Sun, Hui-bin Wu
Characteristics of SEN clogging and adhesive behavior of oxide inclusion during continuous casting of Ti-stabilized ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels
Submerged entry nozzle (SEN) clogging during continuous casting of Ti-stabilized ultra-pure ferritic stainless (Ti-UPFS) steels was systematically investigated via cross-sectional analysis and acid dissolution treatment. The SEN deposit profile was characterized as occurring in three major layers: (1) an eroded refractory layer; (2) an initial adhesive layer comprised an Al
2
O
3
–ZrO
2
composite sub-layer and a dense Al
2
O
3
-based deposit sub-layer; and (3) a porous multiphase deposit layer mainly consisting of MgO∙Al
2
O
3
, CaO–Al
2
O
3
, and CaO–TiOx. The MgO∙Al
2
O
3
-rich inclusions did not adhere directly to the eroded refractory but were entrapped during the deposit growth. Results of inclusion characterization in the tundish revealed that the MgO∙Al
2
O
3
-rich particles present in the tundish served as the primary source of clogging deposits. Furthermore, a novel cavity-induced adhesion model by circular approximation was established to explain the effects of complex inclusion characteristics and refractory material type on adhesion force. A high number of small MgO∙Al
2
O
3
inclusions were expected to accelerate the buildup of clogging deposits. Improving the modification of MgO∙Al
2
O
3
-rich inclusions in the size range of 2–4 μm by Ca treatment was crucial to minimizing the risk of SEN clogging during the continuous casting of Ti-UPFS steels.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 1939-1951 [
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22
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176
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1952
Ren-sheng Li, Meng-chuan Li, Tong-sheng Zhang, Wan-lin Wang
Effect of Ca and Ti contents on characteristics of inclusions in Fe–Si– Cr–Mn–Al–Ti–Ca–O melts
The inclusion characteristics in 55SiCr spring steel with different contents of titanium and calcium were investigated. The chemical compositions of steel samples were detected by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, and the inclusion characteristics was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energydispersive spectroscopy. The results show that the Ti/Al ratio should be kept at less than 1, and the content of calcium should be controlled between 0.0015 and 0.0025 wt.% in Si–Mn–Al deoxidized steel, so that more solid inclusions can be converted to liquid inclusions. Moreover, the high Ti content in melts is the direct cause of the high proportion of Ti
3
O
5
in the inclusions, which involves [Ti] to reduce SiO
2
and Al
2
O
3
in inclusions. In addition, calcium treatment can reduce the content of Ti
3
O
5
in inclusions, and the degree of reduction is closely related to the content of [O]. The thermodynamic calculation of Fe–Si–Mn–Cr–Al–Ti–Ca–O molten steel system during solidification process was performed by FactSage software, taking all types of inclusions into account, such as titanium oxide, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, manganese oxide, calcium titanate, mullite, calcium aluminate, and liquid inclusion. The inclusion type of calculation results was in accordance with the experimental results at 1550 °C, and TiOx aggregation behavior was consistent with the Ti
2
O
3
-containing precipitation phase.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 1952-1962 [
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34
) [
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141
)
1963
Kai Liu, Shu-sen Cheng, Xing-wen Wei, Wen-xuan Xu, Ji-peng Li, Yong-ping Feng, Olena Volkova
In-situ observation and analysis of solidified structure evolution of S50C steel in soaking furnace
The evolution of solidified structure of S50C steel during heat treatment in compact strip production process was studied through an ultra-high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope. It was found that the solidified structure consisted of dendritic crystals with secondary dendrite arm spacing ranging in 32–120 μm, where carbon segregation was evident, and the dendrite arms were α-Fe. The insignificant change was observed at a soaking temperature of 1180 °C, whereas at 1300 °C, the finer structure firstly disappeared, and then, the coarsening decreased, indicating that carbon tended to be homogenized. Therefore, the microsegregation was improved at 1300 °C for 15 min. The phase transformation of αFe→γ-Fe enhanced the carbon diffusion, and the evolution of the equivalent radius req was controlled by carbon diffusion. The diffusion coefficient of carbon (D = 15 μm
2
/s) was determined by using the inverse problem method.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 1963-1973 [
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49
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144
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1974
Ling-feng Luo, Shang-yu Huang, Mei Yang, Jian-hua Hu, Bing Ou
Drawing–upsetting–extrusion–clinching of high-strength steel and aluminum alloy
To realize good point connection between high-strength steel and aluminum alloy, a process of drawing–upsetting– extrusion–clinching was proposed. First, the sheets were drawn; then, the bottom of the protrusion part was extruded, forming the necessary initial interlock; and finally, the protrusion part was reverse press clinched, forming a certain height of the clinched head. Taking DP980 high-strength steel and Al5083 aluminum alloy as the connection objects and using the method of numerical simulation combined with experimental test, the mold was made, and the experiment was carried out on the basis of numerical simulation. The experimental results proved the feasibility of the process and the effectiveness of the numerical model. The simulation and experimental results show that the necessary interlock in the drawing–upsetting– extrusion stage is the premise of effective connection. The relative protrusion height should be around 55.6% after reversepress-clinching. The best comprehensive mechanical properties measured by strength test were shear resistance of 2644 N, fatigue life of 24,535 times and peel resistance of 1522 N. Through failure analysis, the relationship between the interlock
T
u
and the neck thickness
T
n
of the joint with the best comprehensive mechanical properties was established as
T
u
= 0.35
T
n
. The design method of die and process parameters when the sheet thickness changes was researched by numerical simulation. The results show that the clearance between the punch and the die and the bottom thickness are directly proportional to the sheet thickness, and the drawing depth is directly proportional to the punch radius.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 1974-1986 [
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20
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163
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1987
Yong-kun Yang, Jia-yu Zhu, Xiao-ming Li, Yang Wang, Cheng-jun Liu, Dong-ping Zhan
Evolution of inclusion and microstructure in Ti–Zr deoxidized steel during hot compression
The effects of different hot deformation amounts on the evolution of inclusion and microstructure in Ti–Zr deoxidized steel were studied by utilizing the Thermecmaster-Z hot simulation test machine, automatic scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive spectrometer, and electron backscattered diffraction. The results indicated that hot deformation amount has no significant effect on the number density of oxide, but the MnS that precipitated on the Ti–Zr oxide surface undergoes extension and breakage, resulting in the changes in oxide aspect ratio. Moreover, the fracture of nitride mainly occurs in the sample with the second pass deformation amount of 42.9% and 71.4%, and the degree of fragmentation of nitride is more serious with the deformation amount increasing. During the hot compression, sulfide undergoes breakage and extension, and with the second pass deformation amount increasing, the breakage and extension of sulfide present a periodic change. Finally, with the increase in hot compression amount, the ferrite types in microstructure change from acicular ferrite and bainitic ferrite to polygonal ferrite, and the ferrite grain size is refined. When the total deformation amount increases from 30% to 80%, the ferrite grain sizes of grain boundary with the misorientation of 4 and 15 decrease from 4.14 and 5.67 μm to 3.47 and 4.40 μm, respectively. However, when the total deformation amount increases to 80%, the harmful ferrite/pearlite banded structure appears in the microstructure. Refining ferrite grain size and avoiding harmful microstructure are the key for the optimization of hot compression process.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 1987-1999 [
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41
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170
)
2000
Chang Sun, Jing Li, Jie Zhang, Wei Yan, Shou-hui Li
Formation and evolution of primary carbides in high-carbon martensitic stainless steel
The microstructure of 10Cr15MoVCo electroslag remelting (ESR) ingot was observed using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. There are differences in the number, size, and distribution of primary carbides in different positions of ESR ingot. The results show that the two-dimensional morphology of primary carbides is blocky, fibrous, and spherulitic. The three-dimensional morphology of primary carbides is blocky, spherulitic, fibrous, and short rods. X-ray diffraction results show that primary carbides are M
7
C
3
carbides. Electron backscattered diffraction results indicate that large-sized primary carbides consist of blocky, fibrous, and spherulitic carbides with different orientations. High-temperature diffusion annealing experiments show that as the temperature increases, the continuity between primary carbides decreases, and the precipitated secondary carbides disappear. The area fraction of primary carbides is reduced, but the morphology of primary carbide is unchanged. The effect of high-temperature diffusion annealing on the dissolution of M
7
C
3
primary carbon compounds in ESR ingot was limited.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 2000-2009 [
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34
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163
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2010
Yi-wei Dong, Peng-fei Shao, Xiang Guo, Bo Xu, Chun-ping Yin, Zhi-yong Tan
Deformation characterization method of typical double-walled turbine blade structure during casting process
To address the complex structures, large out-of-tolerance issues, and inconsistent quality of double-walled turbine blades, a mapping relationship between the structure and deformation was established based on a structural correlation study. Numerical simulations and pouring experiments were carried out based on the designed double-walled model, and a reliable displacement field model of the double-walled blade was established. A decoupling method for the displacement field of the double-walled blade castings was proposed, which decoupled the displacement field into bending, torsion, and expansion/shrinkage deformation vectors. Based on the displacement field analysis of the theoretical and physical models, an expansion/shrinkage model of double-walled blade structure castings was established. Furthermore, an experiment to determine the mapping relationship between double-walled construction and deformation was designed, which included the characteristic distribution distance and designed angle as structural parameters. The functional relationship between the deformation and the structural parameters was established based on a nonlinear regression method.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 2010-2020 [
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26
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296
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2021
Hao Liu, Yu-xuan Zhu, Zhou-fu Wang, Yan Ma, Xi-tang Wang
Enhanced slag resistance and mechanical properties of magnesia castables with strontium carbonate addition
Magnesia castables have been widely used in metallurgical industries with the advantages of high refractoriness, nonpolluting steel, and resistance to alkaline slag. Magnesia castables were prepared using strontium carbonate (SrCO
3
) as additive to enhance slag resistance and mechanical properties, and the influence of SrCO
3
on the evolution of phases, microstructure and properties of magnesia castables sintered at different temperatures was clarified. The results show that, with the introduction of SrCO
3
(lower than 3 wt.%), elastic modulus, mechanical strength, thermal shock resistance and densification of magnesia castables were significantly enhanced owing to the formation of needle-like Ca
0.9
Sr
0.1
MgSi
2
O
6
phase and liquid phase when sintering at high temperatures, and the introduced SrCO
3
presented minor effects on the mechanical properties of castables for its highly structural stability below 1100 °C. During the slag corrosion process, SrCO
3
and SiO
2
in castables reacted with Al
3+
in molten slag to form SrAl2SiO8 phase, resulting in the increased slag viscosity and suppressed continuing penetration.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 2021-2030 [
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29
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187
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2031
Peng-wei Zhou, Zhi-yi Yan, Ke Wang, Tao Liu, Si-jia chen, Zhen Ma, Ju-sha Ma, Wei Ding, Yi Luo, Bing-gang Liu, Wei Li
The influence of adding niobium and vanadium on hydrogen diffusion in 22MnB5 hot stamping steel
Adding alloying elements is always considered as an effective method to enhance the resistance against hydrogen embrittlement in steels. Nb and V were added into 22MnB5 hot stamping steel, and then their influences on hydrogen permeation of 22MnB5 steel suffering from corrosion in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution were investigated. The results showed that the addition of Nb/V could reduce the hydrogen permeation content due to solution corrosion. Electrochemical techniques including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and overpotential stepping hydrogen permeation test confirmed that compared to the original 22MnB5 steel, 22MnB5-Nb/V steel owned a higher corrosion resistance and a higher hydrogen diffusion resistance. Furthermore, it was confirmed that Nb–V-alloyed 22MnB5 steel showed higher resistance against hydrogen embrittlement than the Nb–V-free counterpart, which should be related to the presentence of nanoscaled Nb/V-containing precipitates as the irreversible trapping sites for hydrogen detected by thermal desorption spectroscopy. Finally, the lattice diffusion coefficient of hydrogen DL was determined in steels with and without Nb and V.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 2031-2042 [
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36
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165
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2043
Wen-bin Xin, Yu-yu Liang, Jing Zhang, Qing-yang Meng, Jun Peng, Yong-chun Deng, Yin-ju Jiang
Detrimental effect of arsenic on hot ductility of copper-bearing steel
The effect of As content on the hot ductility of steel with 0.17 wt.% Cu was investigated at 700–1100 °C using a Gleeble- 3800 thermal–mechanical simulator. The results showed that increasing the As content from 0 to 0.15 wt.% obviously widened the hot ductility trough and pushed the trough into the high-temperature regime. Meanwhile, when the As content exceeded 0.10 wt.%, significant hot ductility deterioration was found. In the ferrite-austenite two-phase regions of 700–800 °C, the fracture appearance changed from dimple ductile to intergranular ductile or from intergranular ductile to intergranular decohesion with increasing As content. The inhibition formation of proeutectoid ferrite and austenite grain coarsening were responsible for the slight hot ductility deterioration by As in the two-phase region. In the austenite singlephase region above 850 °C, the fracture appearance changed from dimple ductile to intergranular decohesion with increasing As content, especially at 850–950 °C. Suppression of dynamic recrystallization and grain boundary segregation of As resulted in serious damage of the hot ductility and widened the ductility trough in the single-phase region.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 2043-2054 [
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42
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360
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2055
Qian Qin, Dao-qing Zhang, Fang Yang, Cun-guang Chen, Jun-jie Hao, Zhi-meng Guo
Microstructure evolution and performance improvement of powder metallurgy stainless steel with P addition
P-containing 316L stainless steel was prepared by powder metallurgy technology using gas atomized alloy powder and phosphorus–iron alloy powder as raw materials. P addition was beneficial to sintering densification. With 0.6 wt.% P addition, the density increased from 7.60 to 7.82 g/cm
3
. In such case, the samples with 0.6 wt.% P addition should be sintered at a lower temperature of 1200 °C. Otherwise, there were coarse grain boundary precipitates, which would seriously deteriorate the performance of stainless steel. In the case of suppressing the formation of coarse precipitates, appropriate P content had a beneficial effect on apparent morphology, hardness and strength of stainless steel. When 316L- 0.6 wt.% P sample was sintered at 1200 °C, the hardness and tensile strength were increased to 86.3 HRB and 672.8 MPa, respectively, and the elongation still reached 38.1%. Besides, it also had good corrosion resistance.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 2055-2066 [
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20
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166
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2067
Heng Ma, Zhong-xue Wang, Yue Liu, Yue-xiang Wang, Teng-fei Wang, Qing-pu Zhang, Zhong-yu Cui
pH-dependent corrosion initiation behavior induced by inclusions of low alloy steel in simulated marine environments
The initial pitting corrosion behavior triggered by inclusions in S420 low alloy steel in acidic artificial seawater (ASW) and weak-alkaline ASW was characterized. The geometric data of the corrosion pits formed in the ASW with different pH were calculated. The pH of the ASW has an obvious influence on the pit shape. The pits in acidic ASW exhibit a funnel shape, while those in weak-alkaline ASW present a cone shape with a larger pit volume. The reason for the difference in the morphology and size of the corrosion pits induced by inclusion is that it is easier to trigger micro-galvanic corrosion in different structures and different areas of the pits in the acidic environment.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 2067-2079 [
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26
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208
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2080
Yan-hui Hou, Ze-kun Xu, Guang-qiang Li
Effect of trace boron on corrosion resistance of rust layer of highstrength low-alloy steel in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution
The influence mechanism of trace boron on the corrosion resistance of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel in a simulated marine environment was studied by combining first-principles calculation with experiment. The effect of boron on the corrosion properties and corrosion morphology of the rust layer formed on the surface of HSLA steel was studied by means of corrosion weightlessness method, polarization curve, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The mass loss measurements and polarization curves revealed that the corrosion resistance of HSLA steel is improved by adding trace boron. XRD and SEM results show that the rust layer is produced by α-FeOOH (the main protective phase), Fe
3
O
4
and γ-FeOOH, and boron contributes to stability of α-FeOOH. Based on the first-principles calculation, the solid solution of B atom in the corrosion product is beneficial to the fixation of Cl atom and to the reduction of the corrosion of Cl atom to the steel matrix.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 2080-2090 [
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25
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160
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2091
Jun-chen Li, Meng-yuan Ye, Rui-dong Li, Xing-run Chen
Effect of microstructure variation on corrosion properties of as-cast 0Cr23Ni13 stainless steel at high strain rate of hot compression
The optimization of hot compression technique of as-cast 0Cr23Ni13 stainless steel at high strain rate was discussed, and its corrosion resistance was evaluated after hot compression treatment experimentally. By adjusting the dynamic recrys tallization (DRX) ratio of 0Cr23Ni13 stainless steel during hot pressing, the content of low R coincident site lattice (RCSL) grain boundaries is increased, and the grain orientation is optimized. The results show that ferrite and austenite are completely recrystallized at 1050 and 1150 °C, respectively. The number of grains in the <111> and <101> directions increases significantly, the corrosion potential increases, and the corrosion current density decreases, which will signifi cantly improve the corrosion resistance of 0Cr23Ni13 stainless steel. After the optimization of grain boundary distribution, corrosion resistance is noticeably improved due to the existence of low RCSL boundaries. The interference effect of low RCSL grain boundary on random grain boundary network becomes intense with the increase in DRX ratio, which is the fundamental measure to improve the corrosion resistance.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 2091-2100 [
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42
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277
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2101
Xiao-xiong Zhu, Yi-fu Shen, Cheng-tao Li, Xiang Dai, Guo-hao Xiao
Effect of rare earth content on microstructure and corrosion resistance of hot-dip Zn–5Al alloy coated steel wire for bridge cables
The effects of the content of rare earth elements on the microstructure and properties of hot-dip Zn–5Al alloy steel wire for bridge cables were investigated. The microstructure of the hot-dip coating was analyzed using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer. The bonding force between the hot-dip coating and steel wire was determined by the winding test. The corrosion resistance of the steel wire hot-dip coating was tested by the electrochemical workstation. The hot-dip Zn–5Al alloy coating has a corrosion-resistant structure composed of a zinc-rich phase and an aluminum-rich phase. Due to the enhanced bonding force, the microstructure of the hot-dip coating of the Zn–5Al alloy with rare earth elements is more compact and uniform than that without rare earth elements. The addition of rare earth elements improves the corrosion resistance of Zn–5Al alloy coated steel wire. Due to the rare earth segregation, which prevents the corrosion of the grain boundary and enhances the anti-intergranular corrosion performance, steel wire exhibits the optimum corrosion resistance when the content of rare earth elements is 0.08 wt.%.
2023 Vol. 30 (10): 2101-2110 [
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40
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256
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钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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