JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL

钢铁研究学报(英文版)

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	2024 Vol. 31 No. 02
	Published: 2024-02-24



	Original Paper Review paper

Review paper

	289	Zi-cheng Xin, Jiang-shan Zhang, Kai-xiang Peng, Jun-guo Zhang, Chun-hui Zhang, Qing Liu
		Modeling of LF refining process: a review
		With the increasing demand for energy conservation and emission reduction, more attentions have been paid to the intelligentization, greenization and low carbonization during the transformation and upgrading of steelmaking plants. Ladle furnace (LF) refining is one of the key procedures in steelmaking process and has been widely used in steelmaking plants for its high equipment matching degree, low equipment investment and outstanding refining performance. According to the main tasks of LF refining process, the modeling methods of temperature prediction model, slag-making model, alloying model, argon blowing model and model of inclusions behavior were systematically reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each modeling method were summarized. In addition, the technical framework for the future has also been proposed based on existing works, including classification of raw materials, graphic representation of knowledge, introduction, upgradation and management of device/equipment, customization of steelmaking, modeling of refining process, synergy of models, intelligentization of decision-making, automation of control, and digitization of processes and operations, aiming to provide a reference for the modeling and intelligent development of LF refining process.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 289-317 [Abstract] ( 33 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 102 )

Original paper

	318	Le-le Niu, Zheng-jian Liu, Jian-liang Zhang, Yao-zu Wang, Zhen-xing Yang, Si-da Li, Chang-dong Shan, Ben Feng
		Mineralogical properties and co-sintering characteristics of fluxed iron ore with magnetite concentrates
		To investigate the feasibility of co-sintering of fluxed iron ore with magnetite concentrates, the mineralogical properties of a novel fluxed iron ore were studied using particle size analysis, microscopic morphology characterization, and X-ray diffraction Rietveld analysis. Following that, the experiments for granulation performance and basic sintering characteristics were designed under seven different fluxed iron ore ratios, and the integrated ranking of different fluxed iron ore ratios was determined using gray relation analysis. Finally, the results of the industrial trails were combined with the feasibility analysis. Test and experimental results show that the fraction of the fluxed iron ore particles larger than 0.5 mm can account for more than 48%, and the particles have two morphologies: spherical-rough and flaky-smooth. Ca elements are found in the form of calcite (CaCO3) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). The average particle size of granules and powder removal rate can be improved from 2.50 to 3.16 mm and 39.60% to 24.20%, respectively, with the increase in the fluxed iron ore ratio. Furthermore, the fluxed iron ore can improve assimilability and liquid fluidity of magnetite concentrates. In terms of overall granulation performance and sintering characteristics, the fluxed iron ore ratios are graded from best to worst as follows: 12%, 15%, 9%, 18%, 21%, 6% and 3%. The industrial trails show that when the fluxed iron ore ratio is increased, the beneficial effect of the superior sintering characteristics of the fluxed iron ore itself is ideally balanced with the negative effect of the lower amount of additional CaO at 12% ratio, and thus, it is feasible to bring the fluxed iron ore into production at a level of roughly 12%.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 318-328 [Abstract] ( 30 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 132 )

	329	Jin-sheng Liu, Zhen-xing Xing, Gong-jin Cheng, Xue-yong Ding, Xiang-xin Xue
		Oxidation behavior of low-grade vanadiferous titanomagnetite concentrate with high titanium
		In order to clarify the oxidation mechanisms and make better use of the low-grade vanadiferous titanomagnetite concentrate with high titanium (LVTC), the oxidation behavior of LVTC was investigated. The results showed that oxidation degree was achieved within 90 min when temperature was not lower than 700 °C, and the main phases of the oxidized LVTC consisted of Fe9TiO15, Fe2O3, CaSiTiO5 and a small amount of Fe2.75Ti0.25O4. Increasing temperature is favorable to the formation of Fe2TiO5. The surface of LVTC gradually becomes rough, with fine particles of needle-like and granular shape appearing on the surface, which finally turn from laminar to creamy, spread out, and are interspersed with many tiny holes. The phase oxidation paths in LVTC were as follows: (1) Fe2.75Ti0.25O4 Fe9TiO15 Fe2O3; (2) Fe2.75Ti0.25O4 Fe2O3 FeTiO3 Fe2TiO5; (3) FeTiO3 Fe2O3 Fe2Ti3O9 Fe2TiO5. LVTC is predominantly mesoporous whether oxidized or not, with the pores mainly distributed in the range of 2–40 nm, and the specific surface area of LVTC decreases significantly with increasing temperature.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 329-341 [Abstract] ( 16 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 68 )

	342	Jian-sheng Chen, Wen-guo Liu, Hao Guo, Wang Ding, Qing-guo Xue, Jing-song Wang, Hai-bin Zuo
		Improving mathematical model of burden distribution and correcting chute angle to cope with fluctuation of stock line
		Accurate evaluations of the burden distribution are of critical importance to stabilize the operation of blast furnace. The mathematical model and discrete element method (DEM) are two attractive methods for predicting burden distribution. Based on DEM, the initial velocities of the pellet, sinter, and coke were calculated, and the velocity attenuations of the above three particles between the burden and the chute were analyzed. The initial velocity and velocity attenuation were applied to a mathematical model for improving the accuracy. Additionally, based on the improved model, a scheme for rectifying the chute angles was proposed to address the fluctuation of the stock line and maintain a stable burden distribution. The validity of the scheme was confirmed via a stable burden distribution under different stock lines. The mathematical model has been successfully applied to evaluate the online burden distribution and cope with the fluctuation of the stock line.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 342-356 [Abstract] ( 15 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 63 )

	357	Ji Chen, Zhao Lei, Zhe Yao, Li Wang, Qiang Ling, Ping Cui
		Investigating effect of coke porosity on blast furnace performance based on multi-physical fields
		Reducing coke use is an effective measure to reduce carbon emission and energy consumption in the blast furnace (BF) ironmaking. Essentially, BF is a high-temperature moving bed reactor, where complex physical transformations coupled with complicated reactions occur. This makes it challenging to investigate the factors determining BF performance with the conventional method. A multi-physical field coupling mathematical model of BF was thus developed to describe its mass and heat transfer as well as its intrinsic reactions. Then, the proposed model was validated with the production data. Under coupling conditions, influences of dominating reactions on BF performance (temperature distribution, gas distribution, iron formation reaction, and direct reduction degree) were revealed. The results indicated that coke combustion, indirect reduction, and direct reduction of iron ore mainly took place nearby the shaft tuyere, cohesive zone, and dripping zone, respectively. Besides, the rate of coke solution loss reaction was increased with the rising coke porosity in the cohesive zone. Considering the effect of coke porosity on the efficiency and stability of BF, the coke porosity of 0.42 was regarded as a reasonable value.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 357-367 [Abstract] ( 14 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 66 )

	368	Ming Lv, Shuang-ping Chen, Hong-min Guo, Yi-jie Hao, Xiang-dong Xing
		Effect of different bottom blowing elements on stirring characteristics of molten bath in converter
		The bottom blowing element is the key equipment to ensure the bottom blowing effect of the converter. Three types of bottom blowing elements, dispersive type (D1), double circular seam (D2) and straight cylinder type (D3), were built, and the effects of bottom blowing element type on molten bath flow, wall erosion and furnace bottom erosion were simulated. It was found that when the bottom blowing elements of dispersive type (D1) and double circular seam (D2) were used, the dead zone area in the lower part of the molten bath was smaller, and the high-speed zone area was larger; therefore, the stirring effect on the bottom melt was better. When the straight cylinder type (D3) bottom blowing element was used, the gas penetrated the molten bath at a faster rate to reach the surface of molten bath and failed to disperse in the bottom molten bath, and the wall shear stress near the nozzle outlet was larger. When argon was blown by three different bottom blowing elements, the area of the wall shear stress greater than 3 Pa was 4.8, 5.6 and 8.7 cm2, respectively, within 0.2 m of the bottom blowing nozzle outlet.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 368-376 [Abstract] ( 17 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 79 )

	377	Tao Pan, Hong-chun Zhu, Zhou-hua Jiang, Hua-bing Li, Rui Zhang, Hao Feng
		Mechanism of local solidification time variations with melt rate during vacuum arc remelting process of 8Cr4Mo4V high-strength steel
		A 2D axisymmetric numerical model was established to investigate the variations of molten pool with different melt rates during the vacuum arc remelting of 8Cr4Mo4V high-strength steel, and the ingot growth was simulated by dynamic mesh techniques. The results show that as the ingot grows, the molten pool profile changes from shallow and flat to V-shaped, and both the molten pool depth and the mushy width increase. Meanwhile, the variation of both the molten pool shape and the mushy width melt rate is clarified by the thermal equilibrium analysis. As melt rate increases, both the molten pool depth and the mushy width increase. It is caused by the increment in sensible heat stored in the ingot due to the limitation of the cooling capacity of the mold. The nonlinear increment in sensible heat leads to a nonlinear increase in the mushy width. In addition, as melt rate increases, the local solidification time (LST) of ingot decreases obviously at first and then increases. When melt rate is controlled in a suitable range, LST is the lowest and the secondary dendrite arm spacing of the ingot is the smallest, which can effectively improve the compactness degree of 8Cr4Mo4V high-strength steel.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 377-388 [Abstract] ( 14 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 75 )

	389	Li-ping Pan, Ya-wei Li, Fang-guan Tan, Yi-chen Chen, Yang-fan Xu, Zhu He, Bao-kuan Li
		Numerical investigation on thermomechanical behavior of alumina– calcium hexaluminate refractories for purging plug
		Alumina–spinel refractories used in slit-type purging plugs are susceptible to cross-sectional damage, resulting in a serious mismatch between their service life and that of ladle. Alumina–calcium hexaluminate refractories have gradually become the new trend in purging plug materials with the development of refining technology. The thermomechanical damage of slit-type purging plugs with alumina–calcium hexaluminate refractory was investigated by the thermo-solid coupling simulation. Combined with the polynomial fitting and design of experiments methods, the influence of thermophysical parameters on temperature and thermal stress of alumina–calcium hexaluminate refractories for purging plugs was systematically analyzed. The results show that the maximum thermal stress of the purging plugs appears during the stages of steel transporting and stirring, and the vulnerable parts are located above Y = 0.323 m. The thermal conductivity and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the material are the most sensitive parameters to the temperature and thermal stress inside the structure, respectively. The addition of more calcium hexaluminate can relieve the stress concentration and large deformation around the slits. Consequently, when the content of calcium hexaluminate is 47 wt.% and in the form of aggregate-binder, the temperature and thermal stress distribution inside the refractory are optimal, which can effectively improve the service life of the slit-type purging plug.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 389-400 [Abstract] ( 16 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 132 )

	401	Lin Xu, Ze-feng Han, Christian Karcher, En-gang Wang
		Melt flow, heat transfer and solidification in a flexible thin slab continuous casting mold with vertical-combined electromagnetic braking
		During continuous casting of steel slabs, the application of electromagnetic braking technology (EMBr) provides an effective tool to influence solidification by controlling the pattern of melt flow in the mold. Thus, the quality of the final product can be improved considerably. A new electromagnetic braking (EMBr) method, named vertical-combined electromagnetic braking (VC-EMBr), is proposed to be applied to a flexible thin slab casting (FTSC) mold. To evaluate the beneficial effects of the VC-EMBr, the melt flow, heat transfer, and solidification processes in the FTSC mold are studied by means of numerical simulations. In detail, a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence model together with an enthalpy-porosity approach was used. The numerical findings are compared with respective simulations using the traditional Ruler-EMBr. The results demonstrate that the application of the VC-EMBr contributes significantly to preventing relative slab defects. In contrast to the Ruler-EMBr, the additional vertical magnetic poles of the VC-EMBr preferentially suppress the direct impact of jet flow on the narrow face of FSTC mold and considerably diminish the level fluctuation near the meniscus region. For instance, by applying a magnetic flux density of 0.3 T, the maximum amplitude of meniscus deflection reduces by about 80%. Moreover, the braking effect of the VC-EMBr effectively improves the homogeneity of temperature distribution in the upper recirculation region and increases the solidified shell thickness along the casting direction. On this basis, the newly proposed VC-EMBr shows a beneficial effect in preventing relative slab defects for FTSC thin slab continuous casting.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 401-415 [Abstract] ( 16 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 61 )

	416	Zhong-kai Ren, Ya-nan Xu, Jia-zhao Chen, He Li, Rui-lin Yuan, Zhen-hua Wang, Tao Wang, Xiao Liu
		Mechanism of high-energy pulsed current-assisted rolling of 08AL carbon steel ultra-thin strip
		To improve the plastic deformation performance of a 08AL carbon steel ultra-thin strip, a pulsed electric field was integrated into the plastic processing of the ultra-thin strip, and the effects of high-energy current on its deformation ability were investigated. Current-assisted tensile tests were employed, and the results clarified that the pulsed current could reduce the activation energy of faults and promoted dislocation slip within grains and at grain boundaries, leading to a decrease in the deformation resistance of the metal and an increase in its plastic properties. Under the current density of 2.0 A/mm2, the yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation of the rolled sample reached 425 MPa, 467 MPa, and 12.5%, respectively. During the rolling process, it was found that the pulsed current promoted the dynamic recrystallization of the ultra-thin strip, reduced its dislocation density and deformation resistance, and promoted the coordinated deformation of the metal.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 416-427 [Abstract] ( 21 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 71 )

	428	Wen-quan Sun1, Sheng-yi Yong1, Tie-heng Yuan1, Chao Liu1, San-bao Zhou2, Rui-chun Guo1, Meng-xia Tang2
		Mechanism and control of nonuniform phase transformation of microalloyed dual-phase steel during cooling process after hot rolling
		After cooling in the hot rolling process, the metallographic structure of microalloyed dual-phase steel is nonuniform along the rolling direction, while the thickness fluctuation of microalloyed dual-phase steel with a nonuniform metallographic structure will occur during cold rolling. The mechanism of nonuniform phase transformation of microalloyed dual-phase steels was studied during the cooling process after hot rolling, and the nonuniform phase transformation of microalloyed dual-phase steel was regulated during the cooling process after hot rolling through process optimization. First, the empirical equation of phase transformation temperature was measured by a dilatometer considering thermal expansion. Then, the phase field and temperature field of laminar cooling process were calculated to provide initial boundary conditions for the finite element model. After that, the coupling finite element model of the temperature phase transformation of the strip steel in coiling transportation process was established. The simulation results show that the different thermal contact conditions of the microalloyed dual-phase steel during coil transportation lead to uneven cooling of the coil, which leads to nonuniform transformation of the coil along the rolling direction. In addition, by prolonging the time interval from coiling to unloading, the phenomenon of nonuniform phase transformation of microalloyed dual-phase steel can be effectively controlled. The simulation results are applied to industrial production. The application results show that prolonging the time interval from coiling to unloading can effectively improve the nonuniform phase transformation of microalloyed dual-phase steel in the cooling process after hot rolling.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 428-441 [Abstract] ( 18 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 68 )

	442	Guang-hu Liu1, Mao-xiang Chu1, Rong-fen Gong1, Ze-hao Zheng1
		DLF-YOLOF: an improved YOLOF-based surface defect detection for steel plate
		Surface defects can affect the quality of steel plate. Many methods based on computer vision are currently applied to surface defect detection of steel plate. However, their real-time performance and object detection of small defect are still unsatisfactory. An improved object detection network based on You Only Look One-level Feature (YOLOF) is proposed to show excellent performance in surface defect detection of steel plate, called DLF-YOLOF. First, the anchor-free detector is used to reduce the network hyperparameters. Secondly, deformable convolution network and local spatial attention module are introduced into the feature extraction network to increase the contextual information in the feature maps. Also, the soft non-maximum suppression is used to improve detection accuracy significantly. Finally, data augmentation is performed for small defect objects during training to improve detection accuracy. Experiments show the average precision and average precision for small objects are 42.7% and 33.5% at a detection speed of 62 frames per second on a single GPU, respectively. This shows that DLF-YOLOF has excellent performance to meet the needs of industrial real-time detection.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 442-451 [Abstract] ( 12 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 118 )

	452	Fei-hu He, Jun Peng, Fang Zhang, Yong-bin Wang, Hong-tao Chang
		Experimental and first-principles calculation of TiN growth mechanism on CeAlO3 surface in steel
		Regular TiN is harmful to the toughness of steel, and its shape and size need to be controlled. Understanding the behavior of TiN precipitation on CeAlO3 surfaces is critical for controlling the morphology and formation process of CeAlO3–TiN composite inclusions in the steel. Experimental results showed that TiN had a square morphology on the CeAlO3 surface, and electron backscatter diffraction phase identification results revealed the orientation relationship between CeAlO3 and TiN as follows: e001TCeAlO3 //e110TTiN, e100TCeAlO3 //e001TTiN, and ?010[1]CeAlO3 //?110[1]TiN. The CeAlO3 crystal structure was studied using the first-principles calculation method, and the adsorption and growth process of TiN on the CeAlO3 surface were investigated from the atomic scale. The calculation results indicate that there is no metallic bonding present in the CeAlO3 system. Among the low-index crystal planes of CeAlO3, the (110) planes terminated with O and CeAlO have the highest and lowest surface energies, respectively, with values of 0.373 and 0.051 eV/A° 2. On the high surface energy plane of CeAlO3, the TiN atomic permutation structure is consistent with the arrangement of Ti and N atoms in TiN (100) or (110). For the low surface energy plane of CeAlO3, the Ti and N atoms are arranged in a ring-like structure.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 452-463 [Abstract] ( 14 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 65 )

	464	Zhen Zhang1,2,3, Yu-hang Duan1, Shuai Wang1, Jin-shan Chen1,2, An-zhe Wang1,2, Xiang-yang Mao1,2, Yuan-ji Shi4, Jie Zhang5, Ming Liu6, Zheng-fei Hu7
		Nanoindentation behavior and creep-induced cracking of long-term crept austenitic steel at 650 [1]C
		The grain boundary (GB) damage of long-term crept HR3C (25Cr–20Ni–Nb–N) austenitic steel with solid solution state was investigated by nanoindentation test accompanied with in-situ electron back-scattered diffraction. The corresponding microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results show that the increase in nanoindentation hardness at the GBs and triple grain junctions may be related to the dislocation accumulation and carbide growth during the creep. Coarsened M23C6 and dislocations piling-up at the GB accelerate the nucleation and coalescence of creep cavity along the GB. The nanoindentation hardness in grains varies with orientation of the stress axis. The orientation difference of neighbor grains may induce local high geometrically necessary dislocation densities and strain gradients near the GB, consequently causing stress concentration and subsequent crack growth at specific GBs.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 464-474 [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 67 )

	475	Shi-guang Xu1, Jin-shan He1, Run-ze Zhang1, Fu-cheng Zhang2, Xi-tao Wang1,3
		Static recrystallization behaviors and mechanisms of 7Mo superaustenitic stainless steel with undissolved sigma precipitates during double-stage hot deformation
		Static recrystallization (SRX) behaviors and corresponding recrystallization mechanisms of 7Mo super-austenitic stainless steel were studied under different deformation conditions. The order of influence of deformation parameters on static recrystallization behaviors, from high to low, is followed by temperature, first-stage strain and strain rate. Meanwhile, the effect of holding time on static recrystallization behaviors is significantly controlled by temperature. In addition, with the increase in temperature from 1000 to 1200 °C, the static recrystallization mechanism evolves from discontinuous static recrystallization and continuous static recrystallization (cSRX) to metadynamic recrystallization and cSRX, and finally to cSRX. The cSRX exists at all temperatures. This is because high stacking fault energy (56 mJ m-2) promotes the movement of dislocations, making the deformation mechanism of this steel is dominated by planar slip of dislocation. Large undissolved sigma precipitates promote static recrystallization through particle-stimulated nucleation. However, small strain-induced precipitates at grain boundaries hinder the nucleation of conventional SRX and the growth of recrystallized grains, while the hindering effect decreases with the increase in temperature.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 475-487 [Abstract] ( 15 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 117 )

	488	Tao-long Xu1, Si-han Guo1, Gong-zhen He1,2, Hao-yu Han1
		Molecular dynamics study of hydrogen-induced cracking behavior of ferrite–pearlite gas transmission pipeline steel
		Hydrogen embrittlement of pipelines depends on the hydrogen-induced cracking behavior of the pipeline steel microstructure. Based on molecular dynamics analysis, the ferrite–cementite (a-Fe/Fe3C) lamellar atomic structure with the Bagaryatskii orientation relationship was established, and stepwise relaxation of the conjugate gradient energy minimization and constant-temperature and constant-pressure relaxation were performed under NPT (the isothermal–isobaric) conditions. The mechanical property curves of the a-Fe/Fe3C models were obtained under different cementite terminal plane structures, and the evolution of the atomic structure was analyzed in detail. In addition, the influence of different hydrogen concentrations, different temperatures, different strain rates, changes in voids, and different micro-degrees of freedom on the deformation and failure mechanism of the model was investigated, aiming to provide a reliable way to explore the micro-mechanism of macro-cracking behavior of pipeline steel.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 488-500 [Abstract] ( 12 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 65 )

	501	Bao-sheng Liu1, Peng-fei Xu1, Shao-hua Zhang1, Yan-rui Li1, Li-ming Mou1, Jia-li Li1, Yue-zhong Zhang2, Pei-mao Fu3, Fa-cai Shi1,3
		Comparison of corrosion mechanisms of 510L low alloy steel treated by ACS and EPS techniques under various service environments
		The corrosion mechanism of 510L low alloy steel treated by acid-cleaned surface (ACS) and eco-pickled surface (EPS) techniques in three simulated solutions (S0: atmospheric environment; S1: soil environment; S2: industrial environment) and the influence of interaction between different corrosive anions on corrosion were investigated. The results show that the total corrosion rates of samples in three simulated solutions were in order of S2[S0[S1, which is simultaneously correlated with initial corrosion dissolution processes as well as after the formation of corrosion products. HCO3 - will inhibit the initial corrosion owing to the formation of films, whereas HSO3 - will accelerate the dissolutions of the matrix based on the synergistic action of HSO3 - and Cl-. On the other hand, there is no significant difference in corrosion rates between the samples treated by ACS and EPS techniques. The EPS technique that is safe, reusable and environmentally friendly can be further widely used in future work.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 501-518 [Abstract] ( 21 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 58 )

	519	Ding-qian Dong1,2,3,4, Feng-yuan He1,4, Xin-hui Chen1,4, Hui Li1,4, Kai-hua Shi1,3, Hui-wen Xiong2, Xin Xiang3, Li Zhang2
		Effect of tungsten carbide particles on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu alloy composite bit matrix
		Copper alloy composite bit matrix was prepared by pressureless vacuum infiltration, using at least one of the three kinds of tungsten carbide particles, for example, irregular cast tungsten carbide, monocrystalline tungsten carbide and sintered reduced tungsten carbide particles. The effects of powder particle morphology, particle size and mass fraction of tungsten carbide on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper alloy composite were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and abrasive wear test in detail. The results show that tungsten carbide morphology and particle size have obvious effects on the mechanical properties of copper alloy composites. Cast tungsten carbide partially dissolved in the copper alloy binding phase, and layers of Cu0.3W0.5Ni0.1Mn0.1C phase with a thickness of around 8–15 lm were formed on the edge of the cast tungsten carbide. When 45%irregular crushed fine cast tungsten carbide and 15%monocrystalline cast tungsten carbide were used as the skeleton, satisfactory comprehensive performance of the reinforced copper alloy composite bit matrix was obtained, with the bending strength, impact toughness and hardness reaching 1048 MPa, 4.95 J/cm2 and 43.6 HRC, respectively. The main wear mechanism was that the tungsten carbide particles firstly protruded from the friction surface after the copper alloy matrix was worn, and then peeled off from the matrix when further wear occurred.
		2024 Vol. 31 (02): 519-530 [Abstract] ( 14 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 122 )

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