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2007年 14卷 5期
刊出日期：2007-10-15
Material
Metallurgy and Metal Working
论文
Metallurgy and Metal Working
1
smail Ekmeki;Ya?瘙塂ar Yetisken;nal amdali
Mass Balance Modeling for Electric Arc Furnace and Ladle Furnace System in Steelmaking Facility in Turkey
In the electric arc furnace (EAF) steel production processes, scrap steel is principally used as a raw material instead of iron ore. In the steelmaking process with EAF, scrap is first melted in the furnace and then the desired chemical composition of the steel can be obtained in a special furnace such as ladle furnace (LF). This kind of furnace process is used for the secondary refining of alloy steel. LF furnace offers strong heating fluxes and enables precise temperature control, thereby allowing for the addition of desired amounts of various alloying elements. It also provides outstanding desulfurization at hightemperature treatment by reducing molten steel fluxes and removing deoxidation products. Elemental analysis with mass balance modeling is important to know the precise amount of required alloys for the LF input with respect to scrap composition. In present study, chemical reactions with mass conservation law in EAF and LF were modeled altogether as a whole system and chemical compositions of the final steel alloy output can be obtained precisely according to different scrap compositions, alloying elements ratios, and other input amounts. Besides, it was found that the mass efficiency for iron element in the system is 9593%. These efficiencies are calculated for all input elements as 845% for C, 3031% for Si, 4636% for Mn, 3064% for P, 4196% for S, and 6979% for Cr, etc. These efficiencies provide valuable ideas about the amount of the input materials that are vanished or combusted for 100 kg of each of the input materials in the EAF and LF system.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 1-0 [
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7
DONG Yanwu;JIANG Zhouhua;LI Zhengbang
Mathematical Model for Electroslag Remelting Process
A mathematical model, including electromagnetic field equation, fluid flow equation, and temperature field equation, was established for the simulation of the electroslag remelting process. The distribution of temperature field was obtained by solving this model. The relationship between the local solidification time and the interdendritic spacing during the ingot solidification process was established, which has been regarded as a criterion for the evaluation of the quality of crystallization. For a crucible of 950 mm in diameter, the local solidification time is more than 1 h at the center of the ingot with the longest interdendritic spacing, whereas it is the shortest at the edge of the ingot according to the calculated results. The model can be used to understand the ESR process and to predict the ingot quality.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 7-0 [
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13
CHEN Yong;LI Guijun;YANG Subo;ZHU Miaoyong
Dynamic Soft Reduction for Continuously Cast Rail Bloom
Center porosity and centerline segregation in continuously cast bloom can be minimized by the wellknown method of dynamic soft reduction. Metallurgical results of soft reduction previously employed in continuous bloom casting for heavy rail steel in Panzhihua Iron and Steel Group were not fully achieved because of the improper soft reduction process. Therefore, experiments for optimizing the process parameters of soft reduction for bloom were carried out. The results show that the proportion of the center porosity, which is less than 10, increases from 2841% to 9981%, while the proportion of the centerline segregation class increases from 4091% to 100%, and the proportion of the central cavity increases from 9205% to 100%, whereas the center carbon segregation index decreases from 117 to 105. The internal quality and the mechanical performance of the rails produced from continuously cast blooms meet the requirement of highspeed tracks of 350 km/h.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 13-0 [
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18
LI Changsheng;YU Hailiang;DENG Guanyu;LIU Xianghua;WANG Guodong
Numerical Simulation of Temperature Field and Thermal Stress Field of Work Roll During Hot Strip Rolling
Based on the thermal conduction equations, the threedimensional (3D) temperature field of a work roll was investigated using finite element method (FEM). The variations in the surface temperature of the work roll during hot strip rolling were described, and the thermal stress field of the work roll was also analyzed. The results showed that the highest roll surface temperature is 593 ℃, and the difference between the minimum and maximum values of thermal stress of the work roll surface is 1457 MPa. Furthermore, the results of this analysis indicate that temperature and thermal stress are useful parameters for the investigation of roll thermal fatigue and also for improving the quality of strip during rolling.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 18-0 [
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LIU Xianghua;SHI Xu;LI Shanqing;XU Jianyong;WANG Guodong
FEM Analysis of Rolling Pressure Along Strip Width in Cold Rolling Process
Using 3D elasticplastic FEM, the cold strip rolling process in a 4high mill was simulated. The elastic deformation of rolls, the plastic deformation of the strip, and the pressure between the work roll and the backup roll were taken into account. The distribution of rolling pressure along the strip width was obtained. Based on the simulation results, the peak value of rolling pressure and the location of the peak were analyzed under different rolling conditions. The effects of the roll bending force and the strip width on the distribution of rolling pressure along the width direction were determined.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 22-0 [
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27
GUO Zhongfeng;XU Jianzhong;LI Changsheng;LIU Xianghua
Shape Setup System for 1700 Hot Strip Mill
Shape setup (SSU) system is the core technology for hot strip mill (HSM). A precise SSU system was used to improve the strip quality for HSM. The function of SSU, setup, and feedback was introduced. The main mathematical models of roll gap profile and longitudinal strain difference are set up. Strip profile allocation strategy was researched according to the SSU system of a domestic 1 700 mm HSM. The SSU system was put into practical use and the measurement results showed that strip flatness variation and strip profile variation could be controlled in target scope.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 27-0 [
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31
MA Lifeng;HUANG Qingxue;WANG Jianmei;YANG Jianwei;LI Ying;LI Jinbao
Mechanical Properties of New Type Negative Offset Structure During Shearing Process of Heavy Steel Plate
According to the revised Cailikefu′s rolling shear force formula, motion path equation of spatial sevenbar path was built, and a mechanical model, with the new structural feature of negative offset, was thus successfully established for 2 800 mm heavy shear of some iron and steel company. Shear and bar forces of steel plate, before and after the adoption of negative offset structure, were analyzed, as well as horizontal force component of mechanism that influences pure rolling shear and backwall push force that keeps blade clearance. It was found that the backwall push force keeps large even at the time that the maximum rolling shear was obtained; meanwhile, backwall push force is the most approximate to side forces when 60-100 mm of offset was adopted. Both theoretical results and onsite shear quality show that the negative offset plays an important role in ensuring the stability of pure rolling shear and keeping blade clearance constant.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 31-0 [
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36
WANG Lijuan;WANG Guodong;LIU Xianghua;WU Mingtang
umerical Study on Welding Line Behavior of Deep Drawing TWB Process
The FEM technology is used to analyze the welding line movement behavior of deep drawing TWB sheet with different thickness. It is found that high stress fields are concentrated around the welding line and large residual stresses are left. The effect of the welding line movement is like a rigid string and the selected nodes of the thin part near the welding line show the related larger strain.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 36-0 [
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39
Yousef Payandeh;Mansour Soltanieh
Oxide Inclusions at Different Steps of Steel Production
The formation of oxide inclusions in one of the carbon steel productions of Mobarakeh Steel Complex of Isfahan has been evaluated. Several samples from different steps of steel production were taken, from arc furnace, ladle furnace, tundish, and continuous casting mold. Moreover, samples of slab and hot rolling products were prepared. The samples were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopes equipped with the EDS system. According to the results, the number, composition, and kind of inclusions were directly influenced by the production variables. It was found that when the amount of dissolved oxygen was high (say more than 0002 5%), the dissolved aluminum was able to reduce silicon oxide and react with the dissolved oxygen simultaneously, whilst, the dissolved aluminum could reduce the magnesium oxide only when the oxygen content was below 0000 5%. Based on this research, a mechanism for forming the complex inclusions was suggested. It was also found that if the aluminum is added to the melt as late as possible, a cleaner melt with fewer inclusions is prepared; this method will be more effective, especially in the case of complex inclusions.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 39-0 [
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Material
47
CHANG Limin;LIU Lin;LIU Jianhua
Properties of CrossRolled Low Alloy White Cast Iron Grinding Ball
The lowenergy, multiimpact fracture resistance and the abrasiveness of the crossrolled low alloy white cast iron grinding balls were studied after heat treatments at residual rolling temperature. Moreover, the means by which they are damaged and characters of the wear surface were analyzed. The results show that high resistance to impact fracture and high abrasiveness can be achieved after appropriate heat treatment at residual rolling temperature. This kind of heat treatment technology has several advantages under low impact and hard abrasive. These results are very useful for determining the optimized heat treatment technology at residual rolling temperatures.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 47-0 [
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56
WANG Xuebin
Adiabatic Shear Localization for Steels Based on JohnsonCook Model and Second and FourthOrder Gradient Plasticity Models
To consider the effects of the interactions and interplay among microstructures, gradientdependent models of second and fourthorder are included in the widely used phenomenological JohnsonCook model where the effects of strainhardening, strain rate sensitivity, and thermalsoftening are successfully described. The various parameters for 1006 steel, 4340 steel and S7 tool steel are assigned. The distributions and evolutions of the local plastic shear strain and deformation in adiabatic shear band (ASB) are predicted. The calculated results of the second and fourthorder gradient plasticity models are compared. S7 tool steel possesses the steepest profile of local plastic shear strain in ASB, whereas 1006 steel has the least profile. The peak local plastic shear strain in ASB for S7 tool steel is slightly higher than that for 4340 steel and is higher than that for 1006 steel. The extent of the nonlinear distribution of the local plastic shear deformation in ASB is more apparent for the S7 tool steel, whereas it is the least apparent for 1006 steel. In fourthorder gradient plasticity model, the profile of the local plastic shear strain in the middle of ASB has a pronounced plateau whose width decreases with increasing average plastic shear strain, leading to a shrink of the portion of linear distribution of the profile of the local plastic shear deformation. When compared with the secondorder gradient plasticity model, the fourthorder gradient plasticity model shows a lower peak local plastic shear strain in ASB and a higher magnitude of plastic shear deformation at the top or base of ASB, which is due to wider ASB. The present numerical results of the second and fourthorder gradient plasticity models are consistent with the previous numerical and experimental results at least qualitatively.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 56-0 [
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62
YI Hailong;DU Linxiu;WANG Guodong;LIU Xianghua
Influence of Holding Time After Deformation on Bainite Transformation in Niobium Microalloyed Steel
Using Gleeble1500 system, the influence of holding time on bainite transformation in deformed niobium microalloyed steel during continuous cooling was analyzed, and the carbides in upper bainite were also systematically researched. The results show that the occurrence of the static recrystallization decreases the amount of bainite with an increase in the holding time and the emergence of retained austenite (RA) with the longer holding time. Two types of carbides were observed in upper bainite with regard to their precipitation sites. They either existed between the bainite ferrite laths or coexisted with RA. The formation mechanism of two kinds of carbides was analyzed by combining TEM micrographs with the model.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 62-0 [
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66
A Momeni;S M Abbasi;A Shokuhfar
Hot Compression Behavior of AsCast Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel
High temperature deformation characteristics of a semiaustenitic grade of precipitationhardening stainless steels were investigated by conducting hot compression tests at temperatures of 900-1 100 ℃ and strain rates of 0001-1 s-1. Flow behavior of this alloy was investigated and it was realized that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was responsible for flow softening. The correlation between critical strain for initiation of DRX and deformation parameters including temperature and strain rate, and therefore, ZenerHollomon parameter (Z) was studied. Metallographic observation was performed to determine the asdeformed microstructure. Microstructural observation shows that recrystallized grain size increases with increasing the temperature and decreasing the strain rate. The activation energy required for DRX of the investigated steel was determined using correlations of flow stress versus temperature and strain rate. The calculated value of activation energy, 460 kJ/mol, is in accordance with other studies on stainless steels. The relationship between peak strain and Z parameter is proposed.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 66-0 [
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71
ZOU Dongli;YAN Dianran;HE Jining;LI Xiangzhi;DONG Yanchun;ZHANG Jianxin
Reactive Plasma Sprayed TiN Coating and Its Thermal Stability
TiN coating was prepared by reactive plasma spraying in the Ar and N2 containing plasma jet. The results of XRD show that the TiN coating consists of TiN and Ti3O, neither Ti2N nor TiO2 phases. The toughening mechanism was characterized by analyzing the SEM morphologies of the TiN coating′s indentation of microhardness and fracture surfaces. The results indicate that the coating possesses a high toughness. The adhesion strength among the TiN layers is 2588 MPa, which is slightly lower than that of the Ni/Al bonding coating. The oxidation process of the RPS TiN coating is TiN→Ti3O→TiO2.
2007 Vol. 14 (5): 71-0 [
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76
QI Jingang;WANG Jianzhong;DU Huiling;CAO Liyun
Heredity of Aluminum Melt by Electric Pulse Modification (Ⅱ)
Heredity of high pure aluminum melts under different pulse electric field was investigated by means of repetitious remelt experiment. The results indicate that the genetic coefficient by measurement of grain size of cast structure has a close relation with pulse voltage. Moreover, the hereditary law accords with the function of In=1+e-αn+β. The stability of genetic carrier (cluster) comprises in the competition between repetitious cooling and heating impulse and the effect of electric pulse modification.
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论文
52
ZHAO Xin;WANG Jinfeng;JING Tianfu
Gray Cast Iron With Directional Graphite Flakes Produced by Cylinder Covered Compression Process
A new plastic deformation process for gray cast iron named cylinder covered compression (CCC) was developed. By CCC process, gray cast iron (GCI) specimens, which are embedded in steel cylinders, were hot compressed up to 80% reduction in height without the cracking problem. It was clearly observed that the uniform distribution of directional graphite flakes appeared after more than 45% reduction hot compression. The strength, ductility, and microhardness of GCI after 80% reduction deformation were significantly enhanced: the tensile strength varied from 117 MPa to 249 MPa, while the total elongation varied from 0 to 52%, and the microhardness varied from 153 HV to 217 HV. It was shown that the tensile fracture surface presented ductility characters after more than 45% reduction hot deformation.
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