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2020年 27卷 1期
刊出日期：2020-01-25
1
An-hua Li, Long-long Xi, Hai-bo Feng, Ning Zou, Min Tan, Ming-gang Zhu, Wei Li
Development of Ce-based sintered magnets: review and prospect
Ce-based magnets have attracted extensive attention in both academia and industry due to their excellent property–price ratio and distinctive phase structures. Characteristically, Ce-based sintered magnets have widely tunable magnetic properties with changing Ce contents. Therefore, they can be used to meet many different application requirements from packaging market to driving motors, etc. The intrinsic magnetic properties, phase composition, and microstructures of the Ce-based sintered magnets with different Ce contents have been summarized. The service performances such as temperature stability, corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and thermal expansion of commercial Ce-based sintered magnets are introduced. The research and development trends of the Ce-based magnets in the future are pointed out.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 1-11 [
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12
Qiang Zhao, Ji-lai Xue, Wen Chen
Mechanism of improved magnetizing roasting of siderite–hematite iron ore using a synergistic CO–H
2
mixture
A fluidized-bed magnetizing roasting–magnetic separation process was selected to treat this type of material. Phase transformations and microstructural changes in the product resulting from magnetizing roasting under different reducing gases (CO, H
2
, CO + H
2
) were clarified by vibrating sample magnetometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicated that the conversion ratio and saturation magnetization of samples roasted in a mixed gas of CO and H
2
were higher than those of samples produced under CO or H
2
alone. This indicated that synergy of the combined CO and H
2
gas had a positive effect on the fluidized-bed magnetizing roasting process. The mechanism and kinetics of the improved magnetizing roasting of a siderite–hematite iron ore mixture under this synergistic CO–H
2
system were investigated under isothermal conditions. The results indicated that the apparent activation energies of the reactions of the iron oxides decreased from 37.7 and 17.9 to 15.9 kJ/mol when the roasting atmosphere was changed from pure H
2
or CO to a gas mixture of CO and H
2
, respectively. The mixed CO–H
2
gas promoted the conversion ratio of hematite and siderite to magnetite, thereby improving the conversion ratio in the fluidized-bed magnetizing roasting process.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 12-21 [
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165
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22
Jun-sheng Feng, Sheng Zhang, Hui Dong, Gang Pei
Parameter study of sinter waste heat recovery in vertical tank based on energy and exergy analysis
The parameter study of sinter waste heat recovery in vertical tank was conducted numerically by using energy and exergy analysis, and the experimental data obtained from a homemade experimental apparatus was applied to verify the reliability of numerical model. Based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the effects of flow rate of cooling air (FRCA) and inlet temperature of cooling air (ITCA), as well as the inner diameter of cooling section (IDCS) and height of cooling section (HCS), on the sinter cooling process were analyzed in detail. The results show that the average deviation between the experimental data and calculation values is 4.93%, and the model reliability is verified. The enthalpy exergy of outlet air tends to increase first and then decrease with increasing the FRCA and ITCA, while increasing the IDCS only leads to the increase in enthalpy exergy of outlet air. For a given operational condition, the enthalpy exergy of outlet air can reach a maximum value with increasing the HCS. The vertical tank could obtain the maximum enthalpy exergy of outlet air through the adjustments of FRCA and ITCA, as well as the HCS.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 22-32 [
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33
Ding-li Zheng, Cheng-bin Shi, Zhi-jun Li, Jing Li, Jung-wook Cho
Effect of SiO
2
substitution with Al
2
O
3
during high-Al TRIP steel casting on crystallization and structure of low-basicity CaO–SiO
2
-based mold flux
The crystallization and structure of non-conventional lime–silica-based mold fluxes after undergoing slag–steel interaction in casting high-Al transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel were studied. The results showed that the crystallization temperatures of the mold fluxes decreased with decreasing the SiO
2
/Al
2
O
3
ratio, and CaO/MnO
2
ratio had an opposite effect on the crystallization temperatures. The crystalline phases precipitated in the mold flux were Ca
4
Si
2
O
7
F
2
and NaAlSiO
4
. Decreasing SiO
2
/Al
2
O
3
ratio and increasing CaO/MnO
2
ratio in the mold fluxes have no influence on the types of crystalline phases. The dominant crystalline phase precipitated in each mold flux was Ca
4
Si
2
O
7
F
2
with dendritic morphology, except for part of that with globular morphology in the mold flux without MnO
2
addition. NaAlSiO
4
crystals are distributed in the space among Ca
4
Si
2
O
7
F
2
crystals. The size of Ca
4
Si
2
O
7
F
2
crystals in the slag with higher SiO
2
/Al
2
O
3
ratio is smaller, which is attributed to the polymerization degree of the mold flux with increasing SiO
2
/Al
2
O
3
ratio. [SiO
4
]-tetrahedral, [AlO
4
]-tetrahedral and T–O–T bending (T denotes Si or Al) depolymerized gradually with decreasing SiO
2
/Al
2
O
3
ratio, and an opposite trend was observed for the case with increasing CaO/MnO
2
ratio. The polymerization degree of the mold fluxes decreased, which would result in the decrease in the viscosity of the mold fluxes.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 33-41 [
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42
Chuang Gao, Ming-gang Shen, Xiao-ping Liu, Nan-nan Zhao, Mao-xiang Chu
End-point dynamic control of basic oxygen furnace steelmaking based on improved unconstrained twin support vector regression
In order to improve the end-point hit rate of basic oxygen furnace steelmaking, a novel dynamic control model was proposed based on an improved twin support vector regression algorithm. The controlled objects were the end-point carbon content and temperature. The proposed control model was established by using the low carbon steel samples collected from a steel plant, which consists of two prediction models, a preprocess model, two regulation units, a controller and a basic oxygen furnace. The test results of 100 heats show that the prediction models can achieve a double hit rate of 90% within the error bound of 0.005 wt.% C and 15 °C. The preprocess model was used to predict an initial end-blow oxygen volume. However, the double hit rate of the carbon content and temperature only achieves 65%. Then, the oxygen volume and coolant additions were adjusted by the regulation units to improve the hit rate. Finally, the double hit rate after the regulation is reached up to 90%. The results indicate that the proposed dynamic control model is efficient to guide the real production for low carbon steel, and the modeling method is also suitable for the applications of other steel grades.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 42-54 [
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261
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55
Yao-wu Wei, Yan-jun Dong, Tao Zhang, Jun-feng Chen, Wen Yan
Influence of reaction of Al
2
O
3
and carbonaceous materials in Al
2
O
3
–C refractories on aluminum and carbon pick-up of iron
Carbon-containing Al
2
O
3
refractory crucibles and pure Al
2
O
3
refractory crucible were fabricated to study the effect of carbon-containing Al
2
O
3
–C refractories on aluminum and carbon pick-up of iron. Refractory crucibles with pure iron powder were placed in a vacuum induction furnace and heated at 1600 °C for regular time under flowing argon atmosphere. The Al and C contents of iron samples were analyzed, and iron samples were also investigated using a field scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscope. The results showed that carbon materials did affect the interaction of (Al
2
O
3
–C)/Fe system, carbothermal reduction in alumina occurred in the reaction system and the extent of reactions depended on the kinds of carbon materials.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 55-61 [
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113
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262
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62
Joong-ki Hwang, Sung Jin Kim
Effect of reduction in area per pass on strain distribution and microstructure during caliber rolling in twinning-induced plasticity steel
The effects of reduction in area (RA) per pass during caliber rolling on microstructure and strain distribution of twinning-induced plasticity steel have been investigated to find solutions to make a more homogeneous material along the radial direction for wire rod applications. The steel wires subjected to an average RA per pass of 2.5% (skin pass caliber rolling) and 10.0% (conventional caliber rolling) were analyzed. The skin pass caliber-rolled wire was characterized as a duplex fiber texture of major <111> and minor <100>, and the textures were almost same at/between center and surface area, which is totally different from those of conventional caliber rolling and wire drawing. The skin pass caliber rolling led to more homogeneous microstructure and mechanical properties along the radial direction in comparison with the conventional caliber rolling and wire drawing due to the more homogeneous Hall–Petch hardening, dislocation hardening, and texture behavior with area, resulting in higher formability.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 62-74 [
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125
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278
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75
Yang Cao, Chong Luo, Lin Zhao, Yun Peng, Liang Song, Cheng-yong Ma, Zhi-ling Tian, Min-lin Zhong, Yan-jie Wang
Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of laser-welded joints of medium manganese steel
The cold-rolled 5% medium Mn steel was butt-welded using a fiber laser. The microstructure, distribution of micro-hardness, and tensile properties of the base metal (BM) and welded joint were investigated. The results showed that the fusion zone of the welded joint had the highest microhardness due to the formation of 100% martensite. A finely mixed microstructure of martensite, ferrite, and austenite was formed in the heat-affected zone, and there was no softened zone in this area. The tensile test results indicated that the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength were higher for the joint than for BM. The joint efficiency was approximately 100%. All samples of the welded joint failed at the location of BM during tensile deformation. The fracture surfaces of the BM and welded joint were mainly ductile fractures. The BM and welded joint exhibited strain rate independence of the tensile strength and yield strength at strain rates of 0.01–1 s
-1
, while the yield strength of the BM and welded joint increased rapidly when the strain rate reached 5 s
-1
due to changes in the dislocation movement mechanisms. The uniform elongation of the BM and welded joint decreased with increasing strain rate.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 75-87 [
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157
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313
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88
Jin-hua Wang, Ping Yang, Wei-min Mao, Feng-e Cui
Orientation gradient on surface of non-oriented electrical steel annealed by γ → α transformation
The microstructures and textures of the non-oriented electrical steel sheets under various annealing conditions were investigated. The orientation gradient in the interior of grains appeared on the surface of steel sheets after α → γ → α transformation in various atmospheres. The orientation gradient that appeared on the surface was inherited into the center of the steel sheet in H
2
atmosphere, while that appeared only in the grains of the surface layer during γ → α transformation with N
2
atmosphere. The thin oxide scale was generated in various atmospheres containing traces of O
2
and H
2
O. The formation mechanism of orientation gradient is related to the thermal stress caused by the difference of thermal expansion coef?cients between the oxide scale and the thin ferrite on the surface. The combined effect of phase transformation stress and thermal stress caused the plastic deformation of the thin ferrite grains on the surface in the initial stage of γ → α transformation, and then the orientations of the thin ferrite grains gradually rotated and caused the orientation gradient in the interior of grains.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 88-95 [
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265
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96
Hui-wen Zhu, Bao-yi Yu, Hao Zhang, Bo-ning Yu, Shu-ning Lv, Li Zheng, Run-xia Li
Effect of annealing treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Ni multilayer composites during accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process
Al/Ni multilayer composites are produced by accumulative roll bonding process and then annealed with different temperatures and time. Macroscopic images, microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Ni multilayer composites are investigated. As for the macroscopic images, although there was an edge crack along the rolling direction at the third pass, the defect of composites was not serious and the forming quality of composites was relatively good. The yield strength and elongation of Al/Ni multilayer composites are improved after the annealing treatment; however, with the increase in annealing temperature and time, the yield strength and elongation of Al/Ni multilayer composites are decreased. During the process of annealing treatment, aluminum atoms diffuse in the way of vacancy diffusion, which results in the formation of Al
3
Ni intermetallic phase at Al/Ni interface and Kirkendall void in the aluminum side. The content of Al
3
Ni intermetallic phase and Kirkendall void would increase with the increase in annealing temperature and time.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 96-104 [
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163
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305
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105
Xin-yang Lü, Zhi-wei Wu, Xiao He, Jun Li, Shao-hong Li, Mao-sheng Yang, Kun-yu Zhao
Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on martensitic lath refinement and nano-twins formation of low carbon bearing steel
The effect of heat treatment and deep cryogenic treatment on microstructural evolution of low carbon martensitic bearing steel was investigated. The experimental results showed that the lath martensite was obtained by quenching and a few twins as substructures formed in some martensitic laths. The rudiment of sub-interfaces of martensitic lath was formed in the high-density dislocation regions after deep cryogenic treatment; meanwhile, the number of twins increased, especially in the high-density dislocation regions. This phenomenon is due to the increase in internal stress caused by cryogenic treatment. After tempering, the rudiment of sub-interface further evolved into the martensitic lath boundary, and thus the original martensitic laths were refined. The twins formed by cryogenic treatment did not disappear after tempering. In addition, small quantities of annealing twins formed in tempering process. Martensitic laths morphology and substructures in di?erent stages of the heat and deep cryogenic treatment were observed by transmission electron microscopy.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 105-113 [
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114
Ting-ting Zhai, Ze-ming Yuan, Feng Hu, Long Luo, Yong-zhi Li, Hao Sun, Dian-chen Feng, Yang-huan Zhang
Influence of melt spinning and annealing treatment on structures and hydrogen storage thermodynamic properties of La
0.8
Pr
0.2
MgNi
3.6
Co
0.4
alloy
La
0.8
Pr
0.2
MgNi
3.6
Co
0.4
alloys were prepared by induction melting, annealing and melt spinning techniques. The influences of annealing treatment and melt spinning on phase structure and hydrogen storage properties were systematically investigated. The results of X-ray diffraction determine that the as-cast and as-spun La
0.8
Pr
0.2
MgNi
3.6
Co
0.4
alloys consist of LaMgNi
4
and LaNi
5
phases, while only LaMgNi
4
phase is present in the as-annealed alloy. The scanning electron microscope images illustrate that the grain of the alloy is significantly refined by melt spinning technology. The gaseous hydrogen storage kinetic and thermodynamic properties were measured by using a Sievert’s apparatus at different temperatures. The maximum hydrogen storage capacity of the as-cast, as-spun and as-annealed La
0.8
Pr
0.2
MgNi
3.6
Co
0.4
alloy is 1.699, 1.637 and 1.535 wt.% at 373 K and 3 MPa, respectively. The annealed alloy has flatter and wider pressure plateaus compared with the as-cast and as-spun alloys, which correspond to the hydrogen absorption and desorption process of LaMgNi
4
and corresponding hydride. Furthermore, the enthalpy and entropy changes of LaMgNi
4
during hydrogenation at different temperatures were calculated using Van’t Hoff methods.
2020 Vol. 27 (1): 114-120 [
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155
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